Othello, by William Shakespeare - 966 Words

Iago’s deceit and manipulation in Othello Iago is widely credited, in the words of Agatha Christie, as â€Å"the greatest villain of all time†. He is a manipulative character who â€Å"weaves a web of deceit† by exploiting even the tiniest faults in others. By maintaining a facade of comedy and boyishness he uses his honesty and twisted truth to play others â€Å"like a virtuoso† and â€Å"drive... them to madness†. In the play Othello, Act 2 Scene 1 is perhaps the most enlightening scene with regards to the truly manipulative character of Iago. Containing several soliloquies and interactions between all of the main characters, his manipulation is well encapsulated both in this scene in the play and in the 1965 Stuart Burge film adaptation. In this scene,†¦show more content†¦As the main characters with the exception of Iago leave and Roderigo enters, an incident clearly showing Iago’s manipulative prowess and somewhat foreshadowing the fate of Othello and Desdemona takes place. Roderigo, a somewhat idiotic character in the texts, arrives on scene and is informed that Desdemona is becoming further and further out of reach. Using Roderigo’s lust for Desdemona as a way to swindle him and thicken the web with which he will ensnare the main characters, he is masterfully manipulated into sticking with Iago’s plan. He insinuates Desdemona’s infidelity by a combination of rhetorical questions and in many cases racist slurs - â€Å"Her eye must be fed; and what delight shall she have to look on the devil?† In the movie, high angle shots are used almost exclusively, and Iago is generally shown standing up. These techniques as well as the consistent offers to Iago combine in the film , and show that Iago is the mastermind of those he chooses to control – that he is a manipulative character whose clutches it is nigh impossible to escape from. It is in Iago’s second soliloquy that Iago’s true vengefulness is best revealed. The observations of Emilia and the way Desdemona defends her character with â€Å"fie† juxtapose with Iago’s feelings that she has been unfaithful both with Othello and with Cassio. The use of somewhat varying intonation which then hardens to certainty within the movie almost leaves the viewer with the sense that heShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. At the end of the play what gets Othello to take extreme measures by the location of the handkerchief. As the symbol of the han dkerchiefRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despiteRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1218 Words   |  5 PagesIn a historical time period where emphasis was shifting from religion to race and ethnicity, key indicators of differences that perpetuated into racial prejudice and racial ideologies are evident in Othello by William Shakespeare. Although racism was not fully formed at this moment in history, Othello can be interpreted as a representation and an exploration of this shift in ideology. In the past, before this change to ward racial differences, religion was the major segretory factor in signifyingRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 Pagesthose that which occurred in Othello written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the play Othello, we see the struggles of a marriage that is not accepted by their society. Othello is a extremely cherished black general living in a primarily white community. The play begins with Othello secretly becoming married to a white woman named Desdemona. This reasons others who are white to become angry and excuse to dislike this black man further more than they already do. Othello is a downward spiral from loveRead MoreOthello by William Shakespeare790 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout Othello by William Shakespeare, Othello makes numerous poor decisions due to his jealousy. Hitting Desdemona, trusting Iago, and killing Desdemona are among a few of the poor decisions that he makes. The word jealous can be defined as feeling or showing suspicion of som eones unfaithfulness in a relationship. Othello feels suspicious of Desdemona’s and Cassio’s relationship because of the lies that Iago tells him. Many people try to tell Othello the truth but he only believes the wordsRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1923 Words   |  8 Pagesdissatisfaction or complication is shown. Firstly in Othello love is presented as ephemeral and transient while atonement love is presented as unrequited and finally in cat on a hot tin roof love is presented as painful and troublesome due to unreciprocated feelings. The tragic plot of Othello hinges on the potential of the villain, Iago, to deceive other characters, above all Roderigo and Othello, through encouraging them to misinterpret what they see. Othello is prone to Iago s ploys seeing that he himselfRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare941 Words   |  4 Pageswas Williams Shakespeare’s play Othello which depicts the tragedy of Othello, a Morris Captain. What is different about Shakespeare play is that the tragic hero is the black Othello and the villain a white Iago. Therefore, Shakespeare depiction of Othello as a tragic character and Iago as a villain, challenges Elizabethan’s stereotypes regarding individuals of African descent. Shakespeare challenges the stereotypical â€Å"type –casting of the black man† in Elizabethan society by depicting Othello asRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1152 Words   |  5 Pages‘Othello’ was a tragedy of incomprehension at the deepest level of human dealings as no one in the play came to an understanding of himself or any of the surrounding characters. The play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare focused on tragedy through the anguish of the main character ‘Othello’ which lead to the suffering and death of numerous characters including himself. Appearance Vs. Reality challenged human dealings within the play ‘Othello’ as no-one came to see anyone’s true self and no-one seesRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprofitable in condition of good and immorality. Othello is presented as good and Iago as evil, but Iago and Othello’s relationship also shares a distrust of their wives. The overall logical argument is based on love, jealousy and betrayal between two lovers that ultimately leads to their separation because of Iago’s evil plan. I am using this article to agree with Berry s view on how Iago separates two lovers just so he can take retaliation on Othello by manipulating everyone to unmasking their trueRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man, and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make a

Common Ethical Dilemmas Faced in Nursing - 1447 Words

Nursing can have its ups and its downs; however, most of its problems occur when nurses are faced with ethical decisions. Pro- Life vs. Pro- Choice, Freedom vs. Control, Truth vs. Deception, and Knowledge vs. personal beliefs are all part of the problem. We live in a world where there seems to be contriversy about everything. Nursing is a very important field where there has to be good communication and great care, any hiccups in this could affect the whole work place. So what happens when you’re a nurse and you are placed in a big ethical dielemma. FINDINGS Pro- Life Vs. Pro-Choice According to Merriam- Webster’s dictionary, Pro-Choice means â€Å"Believing that pregnant women should have to right to choose abortion (Pro- Choice). The definition of Pro- Life is â€Å"opposed of abortion† (Pro- Life). Both words begin quite the argument in today’s society. What is Pro-Life and Pro- Choice Over the years many nurses, men and women, have come face to face with situations regarding ethical dilemmas one of which being the ever so popular argument of Pro- choice vs. Pro life. Going into a job in health care you are going to see things that may not sit well with you and many students going into the nursing field have gone in with the mind set of being pro- choice. In Jeff Lane Hensley’s book, â€Å" The Zero People† He quotes a unnamed student who stated â€Å"I was for abortion but it wasn’t until I saw a actual abortion that it changed my mind, several other nurses changed their stand on pro-Show MoreRelatedThe Code Of Ethics And Values1086 Words   |  5 Pagesa positive attitude. When making decisions, core values allow me to help structure my ethical standards from which I base decisions off of. Each day I am faced with different situations in which my ethical standards are tested. I have a mindset that when deciding what to do in different situations I try and have it result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Selflessness is my core ethical standard, however compassion is another value I carry. When reacting to events in my lifeRead MoreAdvocacy And It s Role Of Cultural Diversity920 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Facing ethical dilemma’s is nothing new to nursing. As our society becomes more culturally diverse, cultural ethical dilemmas will become more common. Several dilemmas can be contributed to the lack of education or misunderstanding by the medical staff, and the patient’s own cultural values and beliefs. This paper will discuss an ethical dilemma encounter with another culture in my own nursing practice. An explanation will be given on how each group perceived the dilemma, and will identifyRead MoreThe Nursing Ethics Of Advocacy919 Words   |  4 PagesNurses rely on personal knowledge and their professional skills to provide ethical care (Creasia Friberg, 2011). In everyday practice, nurses must balance the needs of their patients against those of the organization, society and themselves. They strive to deliver the highest level of care for patients, but adjusting for limited organizational and personal resources often requires difficult decisions. This paper exp lores the following scenario suggested by Maville and Huerta: â€Å"You are a nurseRead MoreHow Dnr Causes an Ethical Dilemma Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: HOW DNR CAUSES AN ETHICAL DILEMMA How DNR Causes an Ethical Dilemma Deann Morgan HCA 322, Health Care Ethics and Medical Law Dr. David Cole January 22, 2010 Abstract This paper will present an argument of how the process of do not resuscitate (DNR) results in an ethical dilemma for workers in the healthcare field. In presenting the argument, thisRead MoreApplying Ethical Frameworks in Parctice1027 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Ethical Frameworks in Practice Nursing has a renowned history of concern and interest for the welfare of the sick, injured and vulnerable for social justice. Nursing encompasses prevention of illness, decreasing suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health. Ethics is been an integral part of the foundation of nursing and it is self reflective, enduring and distinctive. In the professional course, a nurse encounters with different types of patients, several types ofRead MoreThe Role of a Nurse1565 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Analyse the Role of the Nurse The complex nature of nursing means that there is no single definition that encompasses every aspect of the role of the nurse. A nurse is required to have several attributes and skills to carry out their everyday duties; they must show compassion, empathy, excellent communication skills both verbal and non-verbal. In some cases nurses are also required to become advocators for patients who are not able to communicate for themselves. A nurse is also required toRead MoreProfessionalism: What It Is and Why It Is Important in Nursing?1235 Words   |  5 PagesProfessionalism: What Is It And Why Is It Important In Nursing. Professionalism is a calling which requires specialized knowledge and often long and extensive academics. A professional is characterized by or conforming to the technical or ethical standards of a profession, that shows a carefully considered generally well-organized manner in the workplace. Being professional should be a subconscious effort in the fact that it should always be applied. When employees are professional it helps the systemRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1569 Words   |  7 Pages Ethics In Nursing Rayda M. Garcia Fairleigh Dickinson Universityâ€Æ' Ethics In Nursing The study of ethics, or applied ethics, is necessary for healthcare professionals who often face dilemmas that are not experienced by the general population. The fast-paced growth of medical technology has made the study of ethics even more relevant. The study of bioethics, or biomedical ethics, refers to moral dilemmas due to advances in medicine and medical research. Since medical law and ethics are oftenRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of A Nurse1376 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will look at the range of ethical dilemmas that a Nurse may encounter whilst working in a health and social care setting and discuss how individual workers and agencies will deal with these dilemmas. I will also look in the decisions to resolve the dilemmas through the perspectives of different ethical approaches. AC1.1 An Ethical dilemma is a problem without a satisfactory resolution. Nurses can face ethical dilemmas everyday whilst at work in almost any work setting. Ethics involveRead MoreEthical Decisions. Ethical Dilemmas Are A Common Incidence984 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Decisions Ethical dilemmas are a common incidence in the nursing practice. Many ethical dilemmas can arise in medical settings because of the conflict between patients, patient’s family, and institutions (Black, 2017). Since there are so many situations that are caused within the clinical settings, nurses have to think and make right decisions for patients to be safe by following the Code of Ethics. When nurses need to decide for the medical dilemmas, they have to think what values they

mission, objectives and responsibilities of Marks and Spencer Essay Example For Students

mission, objectives and responsibilities of Marks and Spencer Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Footings of Reference.3 Purposes and Objective4 The assignment attempts to place mission, aims and duties of an organisation with its environment. It investigates the economic, societal and planetary environment in which the organisation operates. It investigates the behaviour of organisation and the market environment. It explores the significance of International Trade and the European dimension for the UK concern.5 Research Methods6 Mark A ; Spencer Ltd web sites articles, intelligence, instance surveies. Theoretical surveies from different books and Handouts from my coach. Personal academic cognition about Business environment7 Mission, Objectives and Responsibilities of Mark A ; Spencer with its environment8 Mission, Values, Key aims and influence of stakeholders9 Vision10 Mission11 Valuess12 .13 Key Aims14 Stakeholders influence.15 Accomplishment of stakeholders aims by organisation16 Duties of organisation and effectual they are in fulfilling them17 Em ployees18 They have a public assistance section established in 1930.19 Suppliers20 Social committedness21 Environment friendly22 Economic, Social and Global environment23 Economic System-Allocation and Effective usage of resources.24 Impact of societal public assistance and industrial policy enterprises and the wider community.25 Benefit and Pension Mark and Spencer26 Benefit and Pension Government27 Impact of macroeconomic policy and influence of planetary economic system on UK organisations and stakeholders.28 PESTEL The External Environment29 Political Integration of EU AND Free Trade Agreement the market has opened up for British companies opening in Europe.30 Technology The debut of e-commerce. M A ; S advancing people to purchase on line with inducements likes price reduction. It provides flexibleness 24hr31 Economy Retail sector really sensitive to alterations in the involvement rates.32 Environmental Marks and Spencer s committedness to the environment put them at th em within the top 10 green trade names in the UK late * Global Warming33 Social Changes in consumer gustatory sensation and lifestyle give rise to new market and consumers but besides menaces in footings of societal credence to alcohol34 Legal National Health and Safety35 National Minimum Wage36 Tax Policy37 Use of renewable resources.38 SWOT ANALYSIS Mark A ; Spencer39 Market constructions, market forces and Competition committee and regulative organic structures40 Market constructions deviate from theoretical account of perfect competition.41 Relationship between market forces and organisational responses.42 Porter s Five Forces The Industry43 Behavior and competitory schemes, Competition committee and regulative organic structures.44 International Trade and the European Dimension45 Importance of international trade, economic integrating and planetary markets to UK concern46 As M A ; S is turning planetary and international competition has presented new challenges. The co mpany emphasis its planetary sourcing rules amongst its selected providers and farther down the supply concatenation which sets a minimal acceptable entry criterion. M A ; S want their providers to raise their criterion every bit good to reflect the internationally recognized standard therefore distinguishing them and basking the competitory border.47 Impact of two policies of the European Union on the UK concern organisations48 The Economic deduction for the UK of entry into EMU. Introduction Footings of Reference. The intent of this assignment is strictly for academic grounds ; this assignment has been made chiefly to finish the faculty of Business Environment under the class HNC Business ( Management ) which I am analyzing Purposes and Objective The assignment attempts to place mission, aims and duties of an organisation with its environment. It investigates the economic, societal and planetary environment in which the organisation operates. It investigates the behaviour of organisation and the market environment. It explores the significance of International Trade and the European dimension for the UK concern. Research Methods Mark A ; Spencer Ltd web sites articles, intelligence, instance surveies. Theoretical surveies from different books and Handouts from my coach. Personal academic cognition about Business environment Mission, Objectives and Responsibilities of Mark A ; Spencer with its environment Developing a vision, mission and values is the foundation for the log term success, as demonstrated by Collins A ; Porras in Built to Last. Mark and Spencer mission statement as former times and still is Good quality for the penny whereby the penny turned bazars into shops. Mission, Values, Key aims and influence of stakeholders Vision A vision helps working in end congruity. It comes from within every bit good as exterior. It accomplishes the following Give a sense of the hereafter Guides determination devising and scheme Creates a platform with same intent Laydown behaviour guidelines Inspire emotion Reflects the values Mark and Spencer vision is to be the criterion against which others are measured- Benchmarking Mission A Mission statement is a statement reflecting what the administration concern is and what cardinal intent is at that place. Mark and Spencer Mission are to do inspirational quality accessible to others. Valuess Valuess are the beliefs and norms of the administration. They underpin policies, aims and processs as they acts as an ground tackle and mention point for all the activity in the administration. Mark and Spencer Values are Quality, Service, invention and trust amernassargooglepages.com/MS.pdf . Key Aims Employee orientation Higher outlooks that staff can lend more to the organisation. There is a demand for sequence direction. As such developing a calling way for employees. Its portion of Mark and Spencer to pull, motivate and retain high quality work force to help the transmutation of the concern and present improved public presentation. Organizational aims Mark and Spencer is to recover their leading in vesture and forte nutrient. This is to be accomplishing by interpreting their graduated table and authorization into superior quality, value and entreaty. Gross saless objectives Mark and Spencer belief that there is plentifulness of room for betterment in their gross revenues per pes. They saw Return per pes as a cardinal operational aim traveling frontward. Stakeholders influence. Employees -Interested in Job security, fiscal benefits, and satisfaction Pursuit of systems ends instead than stockholders involvement. Suppliers -Interested in Profitable gross revenues, Payment for goods and Long term relationship -Response to put on the line refusal of recognition, tribunal action and weave down relationship Government Interested in Jobs, Training and Tax. -Response to put on the line Tax additions, Regulation and Legal action Pressure Groups Society Interested in Pollution, Rights and other. -Response to put on the line Publicity, Direct action, Sabotage and Pressure on Government. Accomplishment of stakeholders aims by organisation If a vision and mission is recognised by all stakeholders and affects every hiring, strategic determination and communicating: its consequence can be charming. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/28703368/Stakeholder-Analysis To accomplish Stakeholders objective an administration should be able to divide their involvement from each other and as such act harmonizing to the power they exert in the administration. Duties of organisation and effectual they are in fulfilling them Mark and Spencer does fulfill their stakeholders expeditiously Employees They have a public assistance section established in 1930. Their fiscal involvement are safeguarded by fillips and additions in salary upon occupation public presentation Their bundle of benefits are extended, such as involvement free loans granted The Hobbit Essay ThesisRelationship between market forces and organisational responses. Porter s Five Forces The Industry The five forces theoretical account provides a sum-up of the menaces within the immediate industry. Suppliers Low in this Industry Double Sourcing Schemes Competition Low Competitive In this Industry Bargaining Power Buyers Aggressive Pricing Scheme Substitute Premium Branded Food Sainsbury John Lewis New Entrants Low Price Low cost BHS/ASDA Porter s Five Forces Behavior and competitory schemes, Competition committee and regulative organic structures. The consumers purchasing behavior tendencies is reflected by an ageing population and the high figure of adult females in the work force. The addition in disposable income and the life style changes recent old ages. The revolution of home cyberspace users online shopping which call for multi-cultural selling. ( Deloitte:2005 Global powers of Retailing study ) .In the recent old ages because of ferocious competition M A ; S market portion suffered a blow chiefly their vesture section. Unlike when you consider M A ; S Competitor, Tesco s schemes to perforate the UK market. Tesco operated on the pile it High sell it Cheap formula the early 70 s and thenceforth launches the operation look into out which cut monetary values across their merchandise and distinguish themselves from their rivals. Then Tesco diversified there channel of distribution with Shops like Tesco extra, Tesco metro and every bit good as get downing to open gasoline Stationss. The Competition Commission has asked the Government to enforce an ombudsman on the food market industry to govern on differences between supermarkets and their providers. The petition comes after it failed to hold a voluntary agreement with major retail merchants Merely Marks A ; Spencer, Waitrose and Aldi backed the program. The coup detat of M A ; S store card concern of ?763m by HSBC has given the Office of Fair Trading to establish a competition probe into the affair. Richard Fletcher, Executive Editor, Business Published: 8:20PM BST 04 Aug 2009 Telegraph.CO.UK The Office of Fair Trading has launched a formal competition probe into HSBC s ?763m coup detat of Marks A ; Spencer s store-card concern. The steadfast Freshfield might be under probe for its work reding Philip Green for abortion command for M A ; S and the probe will be carried out by the Law Society, which regulates the British s legal profession. International Trade and the European Dimension Importance of international trade, economic integrating and planetary markets to UK concern International trade is making concern across national boundary lines and is the anchor of our modern computerized concern universe. These occurs chiefly because of lower production costs in one part versus another, specialised industries, deficiency of excess of natural resources and consumer gustatory sensations. Globalization is a procedure driven by international trade and investing. It is the tendency towards greater economic, cultural, political and technological mutuality among national establishments and economic systems. The benefits of globalisation are as follows: Reduces selling costs New market chances Balance in degree in income Access to moo cost labour Access to proficient expertness Entree to production inputs. The chief drivers for Globalization are: GATT World trade organization Regional Trade Agreements Technological Invention As M A ; S is turning planetary and international competition has presented new challenges. The company emphasis its planetary sourcing rules amongst its selected providers and farther down the supply concatenation which sets a minimal acceptable entry criterion. M A ; S want their providers to raise their criterion every bit good to reflect the internationally recognized standard therefore distinguishing them and basking the competitory border. Impact of two policies of the European Union on the UK concern organisations The Agricultural Policy has ever been a tenseness between members province. The banned of the import of beef from the US by the EU. The EU responded illicitly harmonizing to the WTO with a refusal to follow. The US retaliated by imposing an import revenue enhancement of $ 117 m on imports of nutrient from the EU. ( Source Undersatnding European Union 3rd edition Anforme 2002. ) Such minutess would impact the UK United states relationship, it would adversely impact the UK economic system. Last twelvemonth merely one Banking company clang in the US and the consequence is still felt and now one can conceive of if the US starts implementing quotas, barriers and imposing revenue enhancement on imports from the UK. The EU directives affect the UK concerns ; even the different organic structures of the EU are non ever consentaneous about the directives set. For case, Advocate General Leendert Geelhoed from the ECJ said that EU wellness nutrients directing infringe guidelines in his sentiment. In the instance brought frontward by the industry groups the British Health Food Manufacture Association, National Association of Health Stores ( NAHS ) and Alliance for Natural Health ( ANH ) in front of the ECJ. ( Beginning: http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/441192- 13/04/05 ) The Economic deduction for the UK of entry into EMU. The EMU was masterminded by Jacques Delores which is chiefly individual currency. The EMU is seen as a logical extension of the individual market and as a manner of doing EU more competitory and powerful in the universe market. The EURO ZONE dwelling Lower cost for direction of money Faster minutess across boundary lines Elimination of exchange rate fluctuations. Market Transparency The impacts of EMU on UK economic system are immense, since the major spouses of the UK are members of the EMU. The Euro comparative failings against the lb and UK export to Europe more expensive and therefore do it more hard for UK concerns to sell their merchandises. On the other side domestic consumers will purchase imported instead than domestic goods. Government subjected the Five Economic trials before sing rank. Euro Zone economic construction compatible to UK Is the UK labour market flexible to run into the demands of such development The consequence of the Euro Zone on the fiscal investing in the UK. The consequence of the individual currency on the competitory place of the City of London. Will the EMU be able to advance such growing, stableness and employment that the UK has accomplished by its ain. 6.0 Conclusion and Recommendations M A ; S has been a taking retail merchant in the UK, but went through a stage by 1988 which pushed the house into crisis. By 2006 M A ; S repositing themselves in the market but could non bask the iconic trade name it one time was. They were to confront the UK S largest and most profitable retail merchant in 2006 TESCO. M A ; S respond tot the challenge with a drastic alterations in direction construction. They have to accomplish the right balance between the corporate values, strong market place and the invention to remain competitory. They need to utilize their strength Brand and product quality to be enabled to prolong profitableness and to be less vulnerable to alterations in the market status. M A ; S is in a really extremely competitory and sophisticated industry, as such the demand to be cognizant of the manner tendencies, client increasing outlooks and altering gustatory sensations are more than of all time one of the most of import factor for them to see. The lowering of international barriers has promote a huge picks of merchandise available to client

Miles In Two Hours It Died. Essays - , Term Papers

miles in two hours it died." As a final instance of the force of limitations in the development of concentration, I must mention that beautiful creature, Helen Keller, whom I have known for these many years. I am filled with the wonder of her knowledge, acquired because shut out from all distraction. If I could have been deaf, dumb, and blind I also might have arrived at something. VOTES FOR WOMEN. AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEBREW TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, HELD IN THE TEMPLE EMMANUEL, JANUARY 20, 1901 Mr. Clemens was introduced by President Meyer, who said: "In one of Mr. Clemens's works he expressed his opinion of men, saying he had no choice between Hebrew and Gentile, black men or white; to him all men were alike. But I never could find that he expressed his opinion of women; perhaps that opinion was so exalted that he could not express it. We shall now be called to hear what he thinks of women." LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,- It is a small help that I can afford, but it is just such help that one can give as coming from the heart through the mouth. The report of Mr. Meyer was admirable, and I was as interested in it as you have been. Why, I'm twice as old as he, and I've had so much experience that I would say to him, when he makes his appeal for help: "Don't make it for to-day or to-morrow, but collect the money on the spot." We are all creatures of sudden impulse. We must be worked up by steam, as it were. Get them to write their wills now, or it may be too late by-and-by. Fifteen or twenty years ago I had an experience I shall never forget. I got into a church which was crowded by a sweltering and panting multitude. The city missionary of our town- Hartford- made a telling appeal for help. He t

Developing Reading Activities Essays

Developing Reading Activities Essays Developing Reading Activities Essay Developing Reading Activities Essay Reading is an activity which is interactive rather than passive. In a classroom set up it is usually directed by the teachers. Scholars such as Walker (2009) contend that of all the components of reading instruction, comprehension is the most difficult to teach. This is why different methods have been implored to make reading much more meaningful. The most common method is the ‘three phase approach’ which includes pre reading, while reading and after reading. The effectiveness of this approach in teaching comprehension to a ZJC class is to be examined in this write up. Most scholars have defined effectiveness as the impact as to which something is successful in producing the desired result. In this case the impact of the three phase approach in teaching comprehension is being examined. Reading has been defined by Goodman (1971) as a psycholinguistic guessing game in which the reader reconstructs, as well as he can, a message which has been encoded by a writer as a graphi c display. Pre reading also known as the ‘before, warm up or into’, reading requires the teacher to provide background to the comprehension understudy in the classroom. Cheng (2000) articulates that previewing a text or comprehension with students arouses their interests. In a mixed ability class it is important for the teacher to give brief background about the author of that passage himself or ask pupils to state their previous knowledge about the author. However there is a danger in eliciting information about the author from the pupils themselves because some of them may not be knowing anything about the author. This is why Hayes and Tierney (1982) support that presenting the background knowledge related to the topic to be learned assists readers or learners in learning and understanding the text better. Therefore it is important for a teacher to give adequate information about the author of the passage so that both the strong and weak pupils can understand

Could the self be an illusion

Could the self be an illusion The self, defined as an absolute, unchanging entity, which possesses unity, continuity and clear boundaries, may well be an illusion.Unity and continuity are easily disrupted in the normal course of life; they may be merely coincidental. Our supposedly unchanging selves do in fact alter according to their circumstances; the boundaries of the self change and a single self may even split to form multiple selves. By examining the self in terms of unity, continuity and boundaries, I will show how the possibilities for disruption of the self, as defined above, imply that it could be an illusion.Unity of a self implies that there is something that unites all my thoughts, feelings and experiences, i.e. that there is some sort of glue that makes them all true of me. The tendency is to call the glue the "self". Locke defined this as consciousness, that is, a person being "self to itself" by its consciousness of its present thoughts and actions .English: Neural Correlates Of ConsciousnessSo a single seat of consciousness may be termed a single self.This definition holds for my waking hours; however, there are obvious disruptions. What happens when I am anaesthetized, or fall into a deep sleep? I am not conscious of my present thoughts; I cannot even be said to have any "present thoughts". There are no experiences to be glued together, and there is no glue to bind them. Even when I dream, I may not be myself in my dream; I may, for example, be a butterfly . If the unified "I", as defined above, can somehow cease to exist for a time or be different things at different times, then unity, as defined by Locke, may be merely coincidental.The second question is that of continuity, that is, the sameness of the self over time.

Was the suspension of habeas corpus by Jefferson Davis necessary Research Paper

Was the suspension of habeas corpus by Jefferson Davis necessary - Research Paper Example It is thus imperative to begin with a detailed explanation of the meaning and key concepts of habeas corpus. Habeas corpus is a writ founded on the legal doctrine of an accused person’s entitlement to a fair trial. Its essence is that a person deserves to be tried before an open court of law where he can respond to the charges presented before him as an accused person. It is therefore a court order to show cause as to the purpose and a justification for the arrest of the accused person. When presented before a court of law, the state is required to bring forth a prisoner held in custody so that the court can determine the lawfulness of the detention.2 It is for this reason that Habeas corpus is considered to be among the cornerstones of American civil liberties and has been used extensively as a powerful safeguard against unlawful arrests. The term ‘habeas corpus’ originates from the Latin maxim â€Å"to produce the body of†, whereby ‘habeas’ l oosely translates to â€Å"you have† and ‘corpus’ refers to the body. The writ can be traced as far back as the British occupation of the United States. However, the most accurate detailed explanation of its origin is found in the British Magna Carta. ... The American Constitution allows for the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in cases of rebellion or the invasion of the public safety.4 Under the American history, the writ has been suspended severally, especially during the American civil war. The first suspension of the writ took place in 1861, where President Abraham Lincoln authorized a suspension of the writ upon the outbreak of riots, threats of succession and resident militia actions.5 Even then, this generated a public outcry in which the Maryland courts challenged the suspension of the writ.6 President Jefferson Davis repeated the same act upon the emergence of the American civil war. However, his suspension of the writ during the confederacy period earned him a lot mob criticism. This is because not only did he suspend the writ once, but also sought to seek the extension of the suspension through congress. Unlike in the north where the suspension arose from civil unrest, the suspension of the writ in the south was mai nly to spur economic development that had been rampaged by the economic crisis of the south. Partly to blame for the extension of the suspension was the reasoning, by Jefferson Davis, that winning the confederacy war and uniting the northern and southern states was his priority. The extension of the martial law was just but the means to win the war over the south and return the south to economic prosperity. This therefore meant that when the attention of the world was upon the Confederacy, President Davis’ focus was solely upon how to win the war, no matter what it took and any step towards achieving this objective was acceptable. Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy The American civil war emerged as a fight to preserve the union that was the United States of America.

CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES - Essay Example The first aspect of American Dream is the emphasis on the value of monetary success. This motivates people to become highly ambitious (Cullen & Agnew 2006, p.192) . There is nothing wrong in being ambitious, however, to what extend a man can go to fulfill his ambitions matter a lot. The dark side of the American dream is that the importance of legitimate means to attain the social success is decreased compared to the importance of attaining the dream (Cullen & Agnew 2006,, p.192). According to Merton, it is this imbalance between the goal and the means to attain the goal that motivate people to take an illegal path (Cullen & Agnew 2006, 2001, p.192). Man is a social element. The strongest motivation behind man’s achievement is to get recognition from the society. In American society, people are evaluated on the basis of ‘what’ and ‘how much’ they have achieved rather than on the basis of who they are or how they are related to others in the social structure (Cullen and Agnew, 2006,, p.192). The ultimate measure of social worth being ‘success’ and ‘achievement,’ it puts pressure on people to achieve it at any cost (Cullen and Agnew, 2006, 2001, p.192). The mentality that â€Å"it’s not how you play the game but ; it’s whether you win or lose,† has led people to take illegal and anti-social paths to achievement as it guarantees success in quick and easy way (Cullen and Agnew, 2006, p.192) The second important aspect of American Dream is the importance given to individualism(Cullen and Agnew, 2006, p.192). As Andrew Hacker (1992) said, American society drives people to achieve success on their own and hence, in an attempt to get ahead in the race, ‘I’

Hear My Cry Essay Example for Free

Hear My Cry Essay Stacey feels responsible for his younger brothers and sister and feels the need to protect them: Stacey glowered at T. J. a moment longer, then walked swiftly to Little Man and put his long arm around his shoulders saying softly, Come on, Man. It aint gonna happen no more, least not for a long while. I promise you that. Stacey is not only loyal to his family but also loyal to his friends. When he is faced with the decision to either be truthful to his mother or face a punishment as a result of being loyal to T. J. he chooses loyalty and therefore suffers the consequences. The society the children live in forces them to mature much more rapidly than in our society. Stacey is very mature and he is well aware of the differences between right and wrong: Despite any effort to persuade Stacey otherwise, when Mama came home he confessed that he had been fighting T. J. at the Wallace store and that Mr Morrison had stopped it. He stood awkwardly before her, disclosing only those things he could honourably mention. T. J. is Staceys best friend. He is very self-centred and is loyal to no one except himself. He seems to have no conscience and is very sly: At first T. J.wouldnt do it, but then he seen Miz Logan startin toward em and he slipped Stacey the notes Jeremy is an exception to the rule. He is a white boy but he disobeys his parents and continues to socialise with the black children. This even surprises the Logan children: It was only then that I realized that Jeremy never rode the bus, no matter how bad the weather. To help us visualise the setting of the novel Mildred D. Taylor uses occasional light, evocative description. She uses just enough for us to understand the image she is trying to portray without using too much which could cause us to loose interest. These short paragraphs of description are very effective, as she does not tell us directly what the scene is like but through similes and metaphors: Before us the narrow, sun-splotched road wound like a lazy red serpent dividing the high forest bank of quiet, old trees on the left from the cotton field, forested by giant green and purple stalks, on the right. The Difference between the Great Faith school for black students and the Jefferson Davis school for white students is acute. The Great Faith Elementary and Secondary School was a dismal end to an hours journey. Consisting of four weather beaten wooden houses on stilts of brick, 320 students, 7 teachers, a principal, a caretaker, and the caretakers cow, which kept the wide crab grass lawn sufficiently clipped in Spring and Summer. Jefferson Davis County School, a long white wooden building looming in the distance. Behind the building was a wide sports field around which were scattered rows of tiered gray-looking benches. The Jefferson Davis School for White Students gives an image of wealth and prosperity in comparison to the Great Faith school for Black students. The Logan Household is warm and inviting. The features shown in the house show that the Logan family were very skilful people. They seem to be a lot wealthier than other black people at this time: The furniture, a mixture of Logan-crafted walnut and oak, included a walnut bed whose ornate headboard rose halfway up the wall to meet the high ceiling The theme of this novel is racism and discrimination towards the black people at this time. There are many occasions in the first four chapters alone which express this racism. The most white people feel they are superior to black people in every way. They feel that if a black person steps out of line by doing the slightest thing they have the right to punish or even murder them. They seem to have no hesitation about taking the life of a black person as they feel black people are there to be taken advantage of Something as simple as saying something offensive to a white man: Mr Barnette says, you callin me a liar, boy? And Mr Tatum says, Yessuh, I guess I is! Could end up with a black man being severely punished by a gang of white night men: Tarred and feathered him! T. J. announced hastily. Poured the blackest tar they could find all over him,and plastered him with chicken feathers. The children cannot understand why the white and blacks are separated; however they are forced to understand as a matter of life and death. They are robbed of their childhood innocence long before they should be due to the dangers they would face if they stepped out of line. The author is also trying to put across the message that because of the discrimination towards the black people they live in extreme poverty. The Logans are better off than most black families as they own land, however they need money so badly that the father is forced to work away from home on the railroads for money. The schools are given books for the first time however, they are not the long awaited books they were hoping for, but torn worthless books which were no use to them. In concluding, Mildred D. Taylor has successfully portrayed the hardships the black population of the southern states of America, had to endure in the early 1930s. In the first four introductory chapters, she set the scene using descriptive tactics. She introduced us to most of the main characters and told us a bit about their physical appearance and their personality. And she most importantly explained to us the difficulties the Logan family and generally, all black families faced, due to their race and how unfair society was towards them. We learn how white people took the law onto themselves, carrying out vindictive murders at the drop of the hat. Even in the first four chapters, Mildred D. Taylor has evoked sympathy for the black people. By Emma-Jane Reilly 11E Mr Devlin! Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mildred Taylor section.

Presidents Kennedy and Johnson :: essays research papers

Although President Kennedy wasn’t in office for very long, his actions in and out of the whitehouse are legendary. When President Kennedy took the oath of office in 1960 he wasted no time in cleaning up America. Several bills were enacted in President Kennedy’s tenor. A lot of the major ones had to do with crime control. A lot of President Kennedy’s bills were targeted at organized crime. Bill S1653 was singed into action on September 13 1961. This was an interstate travel bill. The bill made it a crime to travel or use any facilities in interstate commerce with intent to conduct violent crimes to further illegal gambling, liquor, narcotics, or prostitution business. This bill had a major effect shutting down a lot of â€Å"speakeasy’s† which took care of gambling, and betting. Customs got a lot tighter which had a great impact on the running of liquor to foreign countries such as Canada and Mexico. A lot of drug pushers were arrested and many Bord ellos’ were also shut down. The senate passed Bill S1653 on July 28 and House on Aug 21. This was one of many anti-crime Bills that President Kennedy would enact throughout his term. A lot of his primary goals were oriented towards organized crime. Another one of President Kennedy’s crime Bills to be passed in 1961 having to do with crime was Bill S1656. This Bill made it a crime for 2. anyone in the betting business to knowingly use a wire communication facility to transmit in interstate commerce any bets or wager information. Also it made it a crime to be caught with any betting paraphernalia such as parley sheets or wager stubs. This authorized a lot of wire-tapping and surveillance. Bill S1656 was passed by the Senate on July 28 and by the house on August 21 and was signed September 13. One other bill passed in 1961 by President Kennedy was the Fugitive felon act. This act made it a federal crime to cross boarders to avoid being prosecuted or remanded into custody after committing a violent crime or avoid giving testimony on a crime. This act was strongly enforced by local law enforcement agencies. The Federal firearms act of 1961 was a major bill passed for President Kennedy in 1961. This act prohibited the shipment of firearms in interstate and foreign lands to people under inditment for certain crimes. Not all of President Kennedy’s bills were directed towards the Mob and other such crime syndicates.

Emperor Hirohito Essay

Emperor Hirohito ruled for 53 years, during those years, Japanese civilians invaded China, the Rape of Nanking happened, they attacked Pearl Harbor and Japan rose to become the world second economic superpower. He was the first Japanese Emperor to be welcomed into Europe. He married at age 16, was crowned prince in November 1921. He died in his 80’s of a sickness called Myocardial Infraction. In his early life at age 7 he was taught proper behavior by Maresoke Nayi at Peer’s School. Also, his parents hired two Confucian tutors for him to learn. A few years later at age 11 his father was crowned Emperor because the formal Emperor had died of old age. Hirohito was to marry at age 16 to a young Princess which name is Nagako Kuni who was only 14 at the time. Before he had married the princess he went and traveled around Europe and was the first Japanese prince who was welcomed by the royal queen herself. During the time he had traveled he became very interested in the study of Marine Science. He also developed an interest in golf, drinking tea and eating bread. After coming back from Europe he changed the law that said that royal family members could not travel the world and make new traditions. His main inspiration was watching how in Europe people could do as they please and not get judge for it. Around that same time his family had heard a rumor that said the Princess Nagako Kuni was colorblind, so Hirohito’s family decided to delay the wedding until they figured everything out. They didn’t get married until a year later in 1924. Just a couple of years later he had to become Emperor because of his father death (due to a mental illness). People refused to him as a god because of the way he ruled. Also, because nobody ever saw him. Hirohito was one who believed in democratic politics over any other thing. Due to this he everyone believed that Japan wanted to go to war with every single country. So many people had judged him very harshly for not putting himself together in the right time before the war. And his own military wanted to get someone more worthy of the thrown, not Hirohito. It was hard on him and even more because of the surprise attack f the two atomic bombs which were dropped an August 6-9, 1945 (O’Neil 1). Nobody knew what to do or how to do it. The only person that knew what to do was Hirohito. He had decided to surrender to Great Britain and United States and to see if that would make his people follow him again. Or maybe put him on their good graces. He ordered his government to make an unconditional surrender. Hirohito had to make a fast action and an effective plan for seizing power (Oâ€℠¢Neil 1). Even though he had to do all those things he never wanted to give in to those countries. He knew he could do better if he had done some military service. But he didn’t he had married young and did everything so fast due to his father’s death. But still no one gave him the credit for doing it. For this, he deserves considerable credit (O’Neil 1). He toured Europe in 1971, the first reigning Japanese monarch to visit abroad, and traveled to the United States in 1975 (Leaders 1). He was one of the first Japanese Emperor’s to do this. Later on in life he wrote a few books on Marine Science. It was one of the things that interested him in his younger ages. He has 7 children named: Akihito, Prince Hitachi, Atsuko Lkeda, Takako Shimazu, Shigeko Higashikuni, Kazuko Takasukasa, and Princess Hisa Sachiko. Hirohito’s reign was designated Showa, or â€Å"Enlightened Peace† (Leaders 1). But some people were relieved when he died and his son Crown Prince Akihito became Emperor. Even though they were glad there were disappointed because the Prince had married a commoner. Some contemporaries who lived in his time were Hitler and Hideki Tojo. Their roles in his life were that both of them had lived in the same days as Hirohito. And they never met in person but they had heard of each other. Emperor Hirohito was a very important person in his days because of the way he had treated his people he didn’t make any decisions with out considering the way they would have felt about it. After the war he had said â€Å"That most unfortunate war, which I deeply deplore. † The main reason he had said that was because of all the people who had lost their life just because of that war. Another quote he had said was â€Å"I made efforts to swallow tears and to protect the Japenese Nation. †

Analysis of The Cool Web by Robert Graves Essay

Why is the title of the poem â€Å"The cool web†? Give a reason for your answer. The poem discusses an adult’s predisposition to use linguistic dexterity to avoid the consequences of extreme emotion. The title combines two words, â€Å"cool† and â€Å"web†, each of which evokes a strong impression, to create a third even more evocative image. There are many English expressions which use the word â€Å"cool† to convey repressing emotion. This usage is similar to using â€Å"calm†: â€Å"cool down†, â€Å"don’t lose your cool†, â€Å"go and cool off†, â€Å"cool it!† and so on. Even the slang interpretation of â€Å"cool† in the sense of fashionable or sophisticated conjures up the idea of a relaxed and casual attitude. In the context of the poem, â€Å"cool† can be seen as synonymous with a lack of passion and an increase of self-control. â€Å"Web† is used to convey the sense of being enveloped by a layer which inhibits freedom. Graves could have used â€Å"net† or â€Å"mesh†, however those words lack the sinister connotation of the most common use of â€Å"web†: that of a â€Å"spider’s web†. In this sense, there is an air of vulnerability and menace; the spider’s prey has not chosen to be caught in the web, but is ensnared nevertheless. The combination of â€Å"cool† and â€Å"web† creates an image of forced composure. The â€Å"cool web† is a linguistic lobotomy which life imposes on humankind. What is the effect of the repetition of ‘hot’ and ‘dreadful’ in the first stanza? The first stanza creates a threatening atmosphere. The adjectives used are  intense: the day is not warm, it is hot; the evening is not dark, but black; the soldiers are full of dread, not just alarming. (Although now used in the same way as frightening, â€Å"dreadful† really describes a greater level of terror.) This development of menace is further emphasised by the repetition of the â€Å"hot† and â€Å"dreadful†. The point is driven home to the reader. If Graves had used synonyms – blistering for â€Å"hot† and frightening for â€Å"dreadful† – in the second instances of each, the meaning would be essentially unchanged. However, the sound and rhythm of the stanza would be significantly affected. The effect is also assisted by repeating not only â€Å"hot†, but the assonance and alliteration of the phrase â€Å"how hot†. The repetition and emphasis of â€Å"hot† in lines 1 and 2 also provides contrast between the word â€Å"cool† in the title and â€Å"chill† in line 5. â€Å"Cool† and â€Å"coldly† are also used in the body of the poem in contrast to â€Å"hot†. (This emphasis through repetition is used a number of times: in the second stanza with â€Å"spell†; in line 10 with â€Å"too much† and in the last stanza with â€Å"facing†.) Who are ‘we’ in the second stanza (line 5)? The use of â€Å"but† at the beginning of line 5 contrasts â€Å"we† from the children of the first stanza and presumably Graves therefore means adults. Adults have a more sophisticated command of language with which to interpret events. Children are direct in their approach to the world and do not attempt to obscure reality for any reason. On meeting an overweight person, a young child will cheerfully ask them why they are so fat. An adult would be unlikely to broach the subject at all. Children simply state what they think; adults use euphemisms and oblique vocabulary to ward off unwelcome emotions. Comment on the use of: The adjectives ‘cruel’ to describe the rose’s scent and ‘overhanging’ to  describe the night (lines 6 and 7). The reader is jolted as these adjectives are associated with unfamiliar subjects. This is a form of foregrounding to draw attention to the language of the poem. The use of â€Å"cruel† to describe the scent of a rose is especially jarring. Almost without exception the rose is a symbol of romance and love, not one of cruelty. Graves seems to be implying that anything that intrudes – even something pleasant – is objectionable and to be â€Å"dulled†. By describing the night as â€Å"overhanging† Graves refers to the sense of intimidation, of something unexpected looming over us. The poet then tells us that this should – and can be – be spelled away as undesirable. The verb ‘spell’ in the phrase ‘we spell away’ (lines 7 and 8) Graves exploits a double meaning of â€Å"spell† to intertwine the ideas of language and trickery. In the linguistic context â€Å"spell† means to form a word by arranging its constituent letters in the correct order. ‘Spell† also means to influence someone or something by means of magical powers. In this way, the poet concentrates a number of images into a single word. An adult’s desire to misrepresent reality is a form of magical spell, but it requires the ability to spell words. (Graves also uses this technique in line 1 by describing children as â€Å"dumb†. This could mean that they are stupid and therefore unable to manipulate and distort the world. It could also mean that children have no linguistic faculty as in â€Å"deaf and dumb.† Of course, he means both.) Explain how, in your opinion, ‘the cool web’ may protect one against ‘too much joy or too much fear’ (lines 5 to 11). â€Å"The cool web† of language is used to rationalise extreme emotions. Instead of reacting instinctively to a situation, we can drown it in verbose explanations. From pulpit to parliament, and from lawyer to liar, we use language to distort reality to suit ourselves. It is through language that we can persuade ourselves that the noise we hear in the night is just the  cat and not a violent burglar. This is the basis for Graves’s reference to retreating from â€Å"too much fear.† Less obvious is the desire to protect ourselves from â€Å"too much joy†, a condition that would appear to be desirable. Perhaps the poet believes that we are unable to cope adequately with either extreme of fortune. There are a number of superstitions in this regard such as labelling something as being â€Å"too good to be true†. It may be that Graves is suggesting that we subconsciously know that we can’t sustain a state of delight for long and that the pain of the ensuing disappointment is not worth the moment of joy. It reflects a low-risk paradigm where we would forego the highs to avoid the subsequent inevitable lows. What indications are there in stanza 4 to show us what the speaker’s attitude is towards such protection? The phrases â€Å"self-possession† and â€Å"throwing off† show us that the speaker believes that the protection which language offers is an imposition and not a natural state of affairs. He notes that this enforced situation controls us for our whole life until we die. While implying that this protection is a burden, Graves also tells us that without it we would go mad. In other words, this protection is a necessary evil. Why do references to the day, the rose, the night and the soldiers recur throughout the poem? These words occur in the first, second and fourth (last) stanzas. The repetition in the second stanza and the fourth stanza fulfil different purposes. The reference in the second stanza forms the basis for a contrast with the initial reference in the first stanza. In the first stanza these objects are described via a child’s simple outlook: hot and dreadful. In the second stanza the same words are described via an adult’s more complex, language-distorted view. The last stanza has a different form than the first three; it breaks a  pattern of 4-line stanzas and, by doing so, demands extra attention from the reader. In this last stanza the words â€Å"day†, â€Å"rose†, â€Å"night† and â€Å"drums† are listed simply without adjectives. This neatly reminds the reader of the beginning of the poem and completes the comparison between children and adults, and their differing use of language. Briefly state the speaker’s conclusion about the role of language in our lives (lines 13 to 18). The speaker concludes that we need language to protect ourselves from the reality of life. Graves states that without the capacity for persuading ourselves that situations are not what they appear, we would find it impossible to cope and would go mad. The diction (choice of words), structure, rhythm and tone of the first and last stanzas are markedly different. What do you think the purpose of these differences is? The first three stanzas have a relatively simple rhyme scheme of A B C C. The effect of lines 3 and 4 of each of these stanzas rhyming is that each stanza is concluded firmly. Three stanzas with the same structure creates a pattern and an expectation that the next stanza will be the same. The fact that it is not is a surprise and a type of foregrounding. The last stanza has a rhyme of A B C D C D and this difference in structure alerts the reader and demands additional attention. This warning is welcome as the message in the last stanza is far more direct than previously where metaphor and allusion are used. The last line states unequivocally â€Å"we shall go mad no doubt.† It is in this last stanza that Graves delivers his judgement on our use of language.

What I Learned on My Summer Vacation Lessons in Joy, Leadership, and the Mona Lisa

What I Learned on My Summer Vacation Lessons in Joy, Leadership, and the Mona Lisa Mona Lisa Smile Have you ever tried smiling with just the one side of your mouth? I attempted to do so as part of a leadership workshop last week and was surprised to find out what happened. Before I reveal the punch line, try it yourself: Really smile, with your eyes and everything. Just only use the left side of your mouth. How did it go? OK. Now try smiling with the right side of your mouth. Smile with your mouth and with your eyes. Surprised? If you’re like me and everyone else I know, you found yourself grimacing more than smiling in the second part of this exercise. For me, the seeming impossibility of cracking a right-sided smile was a true eye-opener about where in our brains our emotions show up. Perhaps it’s no surprise that the Mona Lisa is smiling on†¦ guess which side of her face? This phenomenon was just one of the many things I learned about last week when I attended a leadership training with the Wright Institute. The training was a total immersion in a sea of topics including emotional intelligence, creating joy, the formation and workings of the human brain, and getting group projects done with the right leadership (note: the link will bring you to an introductory weekend training; the one I attended was a more in-depth week-long retreat). After the retreat, we were asked to write an essay about the experience in order to cement our learning- something akin to â€Å"What I Did on My Summer Vacation.† I’m sharing my essay here. What I learned will inform the way I live my life and conduct my business for years to come. I gained takeaways not just about Mona Lisa smiling tricks but also about what it means to be a leader, share myself, create joy, and, well, be human. My wish is that you see something for yourself in the following words What I Learned on Summer Training 2013 At Summer I learned how to show up as a leader. It’s not about what I’ve done. It’s not about my skills as they relate to stuff I can do. It’s not about being liked. Leadership requires presence. It requires being willing to risk and to correct myself and others. It requires a strong vision and the ability to communicate it powerfully. It requires being incredibly awake! And it requires caring about the people I’m leading more than I care about getting stuff done. At Summer I learned how to share. It’s not about telling stories or talking about insights. It doesn’t require â€Å"getting it† or having â€Å"done the homework.† It doesn’t require â€Å"knowing† anything. All it takes to share is to be with my feelings, be with the person I’m with, be with my heart and feel into the hearts of the people around me. At Summer I learned how to â€Å"dedicate† to joy. It’s not about being happy all the time. It’s not easy. It’s not a one-shot deal and there’s no magic pill. Joy is not a phenomenon based on life circumstances. Dedicating to joy is a responsibility- a big one to the world and the people around me. Joy is a choice, made moment by moment. Joy often looks like hurt, tears and anger fully felt that open into joy. Joy requires opening- over and over. Joy is accessible to us all. It takes practice. 10,000 hours to mastery, as with so many other things. (See Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers) At Summer I learned that I matter. Not for the things that I do, not for my talents and not for my creativity or my singing voice. I learned that I don’t have to prove that I matter, and that trying to do so is a losing battle, since in that paradigm as soon as I’ve had to prove it I don’t really matter. I matter because I am. I matter because I have feelings and heart waves that reach out at least 3 feet from my body. Because I am everything that I am. And I learned that these are the things that make other people matter too. At Summer I learned that the lifelong journey of getting to know myself as a leader and group member has only just begun. Getting to know the people around me (including the intricacies of their left and right side facial muscles) is an integral and fascinating part of that journey. I will continue to explore over the next year, and look forward to taking the next steps forward on Summer Training 2014.

Beryllium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Beryllium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Beryllium Atomic Number: 4 Symbol: Be Atomic Weight: 9.012182(3)Reference: IUPAC 2009 Discovery: 1798, Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin (France) Electron Configuration: [He]2s2 Other Names: Glucinium or Glucinum Word Origin: Greek: beryllos, beryl; Greek: glykys, sweet (note that beryllium is toxic) Properties: Beryllium has a melting point of 1287/-5Â °C, boiling point of 2970Â °C, specific gravity of 1.848 (20Â °C), and valence of 2. The metal is steel-gray in color, very light, with one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is a third higher than that of steel. Beryllium has high thermal conductivity, is nonmagnetic, and resists attack by concentrated nitric acid. Beryllium resists oxidation in air at ordinary temperatures. The metal has a high permeability to x-radiation. When bombarded by alpha particles, it yields neutrons in the ratio of approximately 30 million neutrons per million alpha particles. Beryllium and its compounds are toxic and should not be tasted to verify the metals sweetness. Uses: Precious forms of beryl include aquamarine, morganite, and emerald. Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper, which is used for springs, electrical contacts, nonsparking tools, and spot-welding electrodes. It is used in many structural components of the space shuttle and other aerospace craft. Beryllium foil is used in x-ray lithography for making integrated circuits. It is used as a reflector or moderator in nuclear reactions. Beryllium is used in gyroscopes and computer parts. The oxide has a very high melting point and is used in ceramics and nuclear applications. Sources: Beryllium is found in approximately 30 mineral species, including beryl (3BeO Al2O3Â ·6SiO2), bertrandite (4BeOÂ ·2SiO2Â ·H2O), chrysoberyl, and phenacite. The metal may be prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Element Classification: Alkaline-earth Metal Isotopes: Beryllium has ten known isotopes, ranging from Be-5 to Be-14. Be-9 is the only stable isotope.Density (g/cc): 1.848 Specific Gravity (at 20 Â °C): 1.848 Appearance: hard, brittle, steel-gray metal Melting Point: 1287 Â °C Boiling Point: 2471 Â °C Atomic Radius (pm): 112 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 5.0 Covalent Radius (pm): 90 Ionic Radius: 35 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 1.824 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 12.21 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 309 Debye Temperature (K): 1000.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.57 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 898.8 Oxidation States: 2 Lattice Structure:Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 2.290 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.567 CAS Registry Number: 7440-41-7 Beryllium Trivia Beryllium was originally named glyceynum due to the sweet taste of beryllium salts. (glykis is Greek for sweet). The name was changed to beryllium to avoid confusion with other sweet tasting elements and a genus of plants called glucine. Beryllium became the official name of the element in 1957.James Chadwick bombarded beryllium with alpha particles and observed a subatomic particle with no electrical charge, leading to the discovery of the neutron.Pure beryllium was isolated in 1828 by two different chemists independently: German chemist Friederich WÃ ¶hler and French chemist Antoine Bussy.WÃ ¶hler was the chemist who first proposed the name beryllium for the new element. Source Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (89th Ed.)

Profile and Analyse the Changing Spectrum of Economic Crime Essay

Profile and Analyse the Changing Spectrum of Economic Crime - Essay Example Ideally with the appropriate research we would also try to lay specific emphasis on profiling all the criminal activity that took place in the incident and how it fundamentally affected the economic culture surrounding it. Profile and Analyze the Changing Spectrum of Economic Crime As fundamentally stated in The New York times Asia pacific section â€Å"The catchall term â€Å"economic crimes† is frequently used as a legal cover by police officers who wish to detain or imprison someone whom Communist Party officials consider a political threat. Such crimes can include prosaic failures to properly comply with regulations on business registration or taxation.† (The New York times Chinese Defend Detention†¦.). These kinds of specific situation have recently been on frequent terms observed in the economic culture of China and as such are a cause of great concern for the economic Asian giant. To be technically precise China is the most powerful economic strength in the world today but even so economic crimes of any measure are the first step towards the collapse of a country’s financial assets. ... With the introduction of newer technology the spectrum of economic crimes is changing. People and organizations are involved in newer kinds of crime every day and types of crime that fall under the category of economic crime are increasing day by day. They are able to find loopholes in the law and able to exploit these loopholes to their advantage. With faster communication economic crime has become more organized. Unlike the blatant act of crime committed by the Georgian legislators nowadays people are committing economic crime that can be concealed and the law authorities often take years to uncover a crime that was committed long ago, long after the thief may have died. Some people like Jonathan James do it for fun and take the breaching of someone else’s computer system as a challenge. Others like Charles Ponzi do it for personal gain. Some people like Pablo Escobar made it their business and their crimes were well organized. Whilst internet has helped mankind in many ways it has made the committing of economic crime very easy for people. With so much information available on the internet such as people’s social security numbers, credit card details and bank details chances are that sensitive information may fall into the wrong hands and that information may be used for someone’s own personal gain. Economic crime is here to stay. With more technology, faster communication and more knowledge available to criminals they are able to commit more and more of these crimes, cause more and more loss to the public and economy (65 billion Ponzi scam that affected as many as 1300 investors) and elude capture from the authorities. There is also some very active political situation regarding such an issue stated earlier with reference to the New York

Legal Right and Ethical Obligation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Right and Ethical Obligation - Essay Example This causes a certain deviation from the law for a judgement to be ethically viable. "When important ethical principles are jeopardized by law, citizens are confronted with an ethical problem." (Loewy, 2000). In a situation where people who have suffered loss of life and property claim for compensation, there is no doubt that all legal possibilities will be explored in order to ensure that the company does not lose heavily. In a case where a passenger (of American origin) tries to sue the cruise line that claims immunity under 'flag of convenience rules', the question is more of an ethical issue than a legal one. It would be quite unjust to argue that by merely flying the flag of another country, the DWI are under no obligation to pay for the loss of life and/or property of a passenger who has boarded their cruise with a fervent hope that he and his belongings will be safe. Third party billing problems occur most of the time either in phone companies or in the medical sector. Most disputes arise when people are oblivious of the declarations and statements made in fine print in most bills and invoices. As in the case of Mr. & Mrs.

Science on television and in film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science on television and in film - Essay Example Mass media, especially television, printed media and the Internet benefits from the misunderstanding, superstitions and fears of general public who live in the world that is completely dependent on science and on scientific achievements. Television, as the most influential and powerful part of mass media, uses initial desire of a person to get information about surrounding world. As Carl Sagan , the famous astronomer and advocate of popular science, once mentioned: "children are natural-born scientists, inherently curious about the world around them and the way things work". It is the way we often encountered science in the classroom that seemed to turn many people off to science, he contended. (Sharon Dunwoody, Sharon M. Friedman, Carol L. Rogers, 180) Media started to involve general public in its nets long ago. In 1686, in a French speaking Entretiens sur la pluralit des mondes, there were recognized the need to satisfy both 'la gens du monde' and 'les savants'. Only in the next fifty years, this specification of public tended to develop more and more into two different orders of discourse: one for the scientists, the other one for the educated public. By the end of the following century, this second language had already focused on specific and paradigmatic audiences: women (as 'symbols of ignorance, goodwill, curiosity') for instance, through periodicals like The Ladies' Diary and books like Il Newtonianesimo per le dame by Francesco Algarotti (1752) or L'Astronomie des dames by Joseph Jrome Lefranois de Lalande (1785) (A. R. Hall, 339). It is only since the second half of the nineteenth century, however that one can really talk of 'large scale' communication of science explicitly addressed by its authors not just to specific a udiences but also to the general public ('grand public').Nowadays there are a lot of television programs and channels in that or this way linked with science. National Geographic, Nova, Discovery and TV communication tools are good examples. The another example are the Jacques Cousteau's discoveries, they were devoted exactly to the problem of doing science, and the programs were done in an interesting manner, attracting spectators. The usual composition of a Jacques Cousteau's program was: identification of problem, a hypothesis for the problem solution, and then action, live solution of the problem. There are also other programs, broadcast on educational channels, their distinguishing feature is that they represent science fairly, but at the same time they have very limited audience comparing to above-mentioned channels and programs.There are some peculiarities of science on TV; they are mentioned in the book of Jane Gregory and Steve Miler. The argument of the authors is that tel evision moving away from traditional scientific exposition and using popular culture one. All scientific stories on television have heroes and sometimes villains, plots, denouements, beginnings, middles, and ends, these all means that scientific stories transforms to dramatic. Jane Gregory and Steve Miler turn to media studies of professor Roger Silverstone, who determines a tension between the storytelling aspect of television science and the need for a realistic representation of the scientific processes at work. Jane Gregory and Steve Miler descried a typical TV scientific program like one that start with a problem, set out mimetically in terms of "what were, and what killed, the dinosaurs" and

Improving Attendance in Statutory Education Essay Example for Free

Improving Attendance in Statutory Education Essay Under the Education Act 1996, the Council has a statutory duty to ensure children and young people receive fulltime, efficient education, which is suitable to the age, and ability and any special needs they may have. This is usually through attendance at school. The Education Welfare Service (EWS) is one agency which takes the lead role for the Council in supporting school attendance. It will do this through working with children and families, supporting schools and linking with other agencies including the legal system. The EWS will look at a whole range of ideas for why the children aren’t attending school and will look at solutions for this whether it be legal action or just working closely with all involved for example parents, teachers and the school. On the whole this is an extremely important agency which aims to get children into education and helps work out why they are not in education, however there are negative aspects to the agency as they may have to work closely with social services if the parents aren’t fulfilling there role and legal action may be taken again the parents aren’t fulfilling the responsibility although this is a negative aspect of the agency it is all in place for the overall well being of the child. Police can work with local schools and EWC, by undertaking local patrols to detect truancy and going to local areas where children may hide out. By having the police involved children and parents will be able to understand the severity of truancy and poor school attendance which is a positive outcome. This can then lead on to the Youth Offending Team (YOT) whose staff identifies school attendance issues and work actively to resolve them. The Council will work with agencies such as housing companies, Police, Connexions, YOT and voluntary organisations to develop protocols to identify children without school places. Overall these agencies are all there to help improve attendance in schools and all have the same aims, by working together with the school, agencies and organisiations the schools will be able to have the correct support in place for the children in and out of schools, parents and the teachers. The agencies are able to work out reasons for poor attendance and make sure issues are resolved. These organizations are here for a positive reason and to help children get the best education possible and cutting down on reasons for poor attendance. Explain the role of key individuals in improving whole school attendance. Educational Welfare officers- Once a child is registered at a school, it is the parents legal duty to make sure that the child attends school regularly. The role of Education Welfare Officers is to work closely with schools, children and their parents, and with agencies to make sure this happens. The educational welfare officers will work closely with these people to find out why children arent attending regularly and figure out soloutions to ensure this changes. If the parents fail to cooperate and the child does not return to regular attendance at school, the Education Welfare Service may issue a Fixed Penalty Notice or take legal action. Educational welfare officers can refer cases to other agencies such as social services, educational psychologists and health professionals. Ultimately their main responsibilities is to provide support to the children, the families and the school in all areas whether it to be advice on legal responsibilities, or building relationships between the school and the parents and making sure school attendance is at a maximum, if school attendance is not consistant then the educational welfare officers will look into reasons and solutions for this. Teaching Support Workers- Support teachers are in classrooms to support teachers in what they are trying to achieve, they are also there to help individuals who are in need of support when learning, Support teachers are able to give the individuals in need of help more time and focus to help them through areas of difficulties. Having Teaching supports workers available will therefore mean children will feel supported in weak areas and therefore more progress will be made by children which will also boost confidence. Children who are falling behind or children who do not understand specific areas of what they are being taught can become embarassed and withdrawn whilst lacking confidence this could lead to poor behaviour meaning suspension,exclusion,detention or missing school to avoid feeling embarrassed around peers. Having teaching support workers available will mean weak areas can be taregeted and help provided much quicker than just having one teacher in a classroom. Teaching support workers will be able to have the relevant training and guidance to help identify children who are struggling. These are people who are their to support children with any behaviour or learning needs. Headteachers- Most of the duties of a headteacher is managerial and to make sure the school is running properly whilst also making sure everything necessary is provided for staff and pupils. Head teachers will need to make sure specific training is given to identify children who are struggling, making sure there are policies and procedures in place and followed by staff to prevent bullying and equal opportunities. By making sure the children have the mose valuable expreience possible at school and working with children, parents and other agenicies to make sure everything is in place to keep attendace high, if children are struggling the support teacher are in place, if bullying is happening then this needs to be resolved quickly before the child becomes withdrawnand lacks confidence leading to poor attendance. The head teacher will be able to use educational welfare officers and other agencies to help find ways of improving the school and making sure all areas of a childrens welfare are covered and the child is offered the support needed to enjoy school and attend school attaining the best qualifications possible. Special Educational Coordinators- The Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), in collaboration with the head teacher and governing body, plays a key role in determining the strategic development of the Special Educational Needs (SEN) policy and provision in the school to raise the achievement of children with special educational needs. The SENCO takes day-to-day responsibility for the operation of the policy and co-ordination of the provision made for individual children with special educational needs, working closely with staff, parents and carers and other agencies. By having the special education needs co-ordinator this will mean that full support will be given to children in school meaning the chilldren can work to the maximum and achieve the most out of school with the full support and help from the teachers. This will also mean that children wont be embarrassed because they cannot keep up or understand the work and should hopefully stop the children turning to negative behaviour like missing school. This will enable the school to give the children the best experience possible with the best possible outcomes and increased attendance therefore increasing grades attained by children. Explain strategies that can be used to improve the attendance of individual children and young people and whole school attendance Have an attendance policy in place make sure the children are fully aware of the steps that will be taken in cases of non attendance. Whilst making sure that parents follow the procedure for days that children are of sick. Keep parents involved and build relationships with the parents using head teachers and teachers so that they are aware of any problems that maybe underlying at school at the present time which my result in non-attendance. It is also vital to make parents aware of any positive achievements that their son or daughter has achieved. Support available, makes sure that any children struggling in specific educational areas are identified as quickly as possible so that all relevant support and help can be put in place to help the child in the specified area. The school can work in partnership with the educational welfare officer and the local authority to help target specific areas of need. Use rewards and incentives to encourage attendance and punctuality such as certificates for high attendance and increased incentive for the higher attendance and punctuality as the year progresses. Once a child has been absent from school make sure they reintegrate into the school positively. Making sure teachers check they are ok, provide any missed work and provide a support group making sure this is available to the children if they need to talk-for example counselors. Use attendance checks to keep on top of and monitor all attendance for children this will help to discover any patterns in non attendance and help the school find a solution to this quicker therefore benefiting the children. Raising the profile of attendance so if a child fails to attend sending a letter out to parents straight away to make sure they are aware of this or asking for a reason why there was no attendance if the attendance falls below a certain level. Schools can use newsletters and parents evenings to bring this to parents and children’s attention.

Economic Conditions of the Australian Economy :: essays research papers

Economic Conditions of the Australian Economy Over the past five years the Australian economy has gone through many changes experiencing both the peaks and troughs associated with business cycle. Five years ago, in the middle of 1997 Australia’s economic growth had begun to upturn after a period of recession during the ’96 year. This was unmistakably shown through the composite indicators of retail trade, dwelling investment and Australian share market valuations, all concurring with one another and demonstrating the effects of an upturn in economic growth. This economic growth continued to increase through ‘98 and ‘99, partly being attributed to the weakening Australian dollar that allowed for the opening up and increasing market shares held by Australian exports on world markets. This was the case, as the reduction in the Australian dollar’s value, triggered decreases in the prices of our exports for foreign buyers, thereby increasing demand for our products and increasing the amount of money and investments coming into Australia. This therefore resulting in the aforementioned increases economic growth when combined with the high levels of employment and consumer confidence. This economic growth didn’t however continue for long, with the economy peaking just before the start of the year 2000 followed by a sharp downturn that resulted in a temporary recession occurring around the middle of the year. This erratic behavior, most pronounced in retail trade, can be explained by the effects of both the millennium bug and the introduction of a general consumption tax in the form of the GST. The millennium bug caused much panic and with it bought panic spending especially in the IT sector thereby over inflating an already close to booming economy and after the non-event that the millennium (or Y2K) bug caused spending slumped and then further slumped due to the holding back of consumer spending on big ticket items such as cars and houses until the introduction of the GST. In spite of the aforementioned pre GST economic slump, in the second half of 2000, with the implementation of the GST and the advent of the Olympics, the economy quickly boomed again before experiencing another sharp downturn followed by an equally sharp upturn. The initial upturn was due to increased post GST spending followed by huge foreign cash injections into the Australian economy as a result of the Sydney Olympic Games. The Olympics spending however was only temporary and consequently caused a post Olympics downturn, which was quickly countered by the introduction of the first homeowners grant.

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning in which one stimulus comes to serve as a signal for the occurrence of a second stimulus. During classical conditioning, organisms acquire information about the relations between various stimuli, not simple associations between them. (Psychology, pg. 170). In classical condition a stimulus, or a physical event capable of affecting behavior, that initially doesn’t elicit a particular response can obtain the capacity to elicit that response as a result of repeated pairing with a stimulus that can elicit a response.Classical conditioning became part of a careful study in the early twentieth century, when the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov identified it as an important behavioral process. Pavlov started out his research focusing on the process of digestion in dogs. Along his research he noticed that the dogs from his studies often began to salivate when they saw or smelled food but before they even tasted it. Some of the dogs even salivated at sight of the pan where the food was kept, or at the sight of the person who usually brings the food. Pavlov said that the stimuli had somehow became signals for the food itself.The dogs had learned that when the signals were present, food would soon follow. Pavlov quickly recognized the potential importance of his observation and started shifting his research. His experiment started out with a neutral stimulus, or a stimulus that has no previous effect of salivation such as the bell. He rang the bell then immediately followed it by a second stimulus know to produce salivation, such as a dried meat powder that was placed directly in the dogs mouth. The meat powder is considered to be the unconditioned stimulus or UCS, because the ability to salivate was automatic and not learned.On the flipside the salivation of the dog to the meat powder is the unconditioned response or UCR. The bell now is termed the conditioned stimulus or CS beca use the ability for it to elicit saliva from the dog is dependent on being paired with the meat powder. Salvation in response to just the bell is called the conditioned response or CR. He found that if you ring the bell then give the god the meat powder soon or later the dog will start to salivate just to the ring of the bell without the meat powder even present.Extinction is the process in which you lose the ability to evoke conditioned response when it no longer is followed by a unconditioned stimulus. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, extinction could occur if Pavlov kept ringing the bell and not following it up with the meat powder. This means the dog no longer salivates in response to the bell. If Pavlov keeps ringing the bell sometimes the dog might remember about the meat powder and salivate even though no meat powder is present. This is called reconditioning.This means the rapid recovery of a conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS)- unconditioned stimulus (UCS) pairing. Let’s say Pavlov stops working with the dogs for several weeks because he is working on other research, then suddenly goes back to the dogs and rings the bell, the dogs should in theory then salivate due to a process called spontaneous recovery. This is the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS) after an interval of time following extinction.If Pavlov was cooking something and the timer goes off making a ringing sound, the dogs most likely would salivate because of a process called stimulus generalization, or the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) to evoke conditioned responses (CR). Through the process of stimulus discrimination, or the process by which organisms learn to respond to certain stimuli but not to others, the dogs will salivate to the ring of a bell but if the door bell rand they would not salivate because they discriminate and can tell the difference between the bell and the doo r bell.Psychology. about. com says that classical conditioning is used in everyday life by many dog trainers helping to train people’s pets. Some techniques are also helpful in the treatment of many phobias or anxiety problems. Teachers can apply classical conditioning in the classroom by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear especially with classroom speeches. It helps to get the student relaxed instead of anxious. Operant conditioning is a process through which organisms learn to repeat behaviors that yield positive outcomes.In operant conditioning it is broken down into reinforcements and punishments. In the reinforcement part there are two reinforcers, positive and negative. A positive reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens responses, and a negative reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens responses that permit the organism to avoid or escape from their presence. An example of a positive reinforcement is when I broug ht home my report card in 6th grade and there were all A’s my mom and dad gave me 5 dollars for every A.The target behavior for that example would be the getting A’s and the positive reinforcement would be my parents giving me 5 dollars an A. An example of a negative reinforcement would be on a cold and dark morning your all snug and warm under your covers, and suddenly your alarm clack goes off across the room. Getting out of the warm bed is the last thing you want to do but the noise is intolerable. The target behavior is turning off the alarm, and the negative reinforcement is getting out of the warm bed in order to turn off the annoying alarm clock.The punishment section of operant conditioning is broken in half just about the same way. There is negative and positive punishment. In negative punishment, the rate if a behavior is weakened or decreased because the behavior is linked to the loss of potential reinforcements. An example of a negative punishment is in a k indergarten class a young boy lashes out and hits the teacher in the stomach with a pencil as he throws it. The teacher sentences him to 10 minutes in the time out corner. The target behavior is the lashing out and throwing the pencil.The negative punishment is the 10 minutes of isolation in the corner. In positive punishment, stimuli weaken responses that precede them. For example you are driving home from work at an excessive speed, About 25 mile per hour over the speed limit. As you go over the little hill you see a state trooper parked on the side of the highway with his radar gun pointed right at you. The next thing you know is the flashing lights are right behind you and pulling you over. You get a pretty hefty ticket for your speeding. After you pay your fine you always obey the speed limit signs.The target behavior in this example is the speeding and the positive punishment is the speeding ticket you receive for speeding. B. F. Skinner is known as the father of operant condi tioning. He invented a box called the Skinner box where a rat is trapped inside with a lever. Every time the rat presses the lever it receives a food pellet. Shaping might have to be used in order to get the rat to press the lever. Shaping is a technique in which closer and closer approximations to desired behavior are required for the delivery of positive reinforcement.Basically this means Skinner might have had to shock the rat’s feet when the rat started going the wrong way. That way it will remember to not go that way. When it finally presses the lever the food pellet drops and it works as a positive reinforcement because if the rat got a food pellet from pressing the lever maybe he will do in again and remember that whenever you press the lever you get rewarded with a food pellet. There are many different schedules of reinforcement you can follow. A schedule of reinforcement is rules determining when and how reinforcements will be delivered.A continuous reinforcement sch edule is a schedule in which every occurrence of a particular behavior is reinforced. A fixed interval schedule is a schedule of reinforcement in which a specific interval of time must elapse before a response will yield reinforcement. There is also variable-interval schedule which is a schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse before a response will yield reinforcement. A fixed ratio schedule occurs only after a fixed number of responses have been emitted.Variable-ratio schedules are delivered after a variable number of responses have been performed. The last is a concurrent schedule of reinforcement. It is situations in which two or more behaviors each have its own reinforcement schedule and are simultaneously available. Works Cited * Baron, Robert A. Psychology (With Mind Matters CD-ROM). Danbury: Allyn & Bacon, Incorporated, 2000. * â€Å"Classical Conditioning – Introduction to Classical Conditioning. † Psychology – Student Resources – Psychology Articles. 06 Jan. 2009 . * Plotnik, Rod, Haig Kouyoumdjian, Dennis Coon, and John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology 1505. Cincinnati State Technical & Community College. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2008. * Skinner, Burrhus F. About Behaviorism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. , 1974. * Staddon, John. The New Behaviorism : Mind, Mechanism and Society. New York: Psychology P, 2000. * Wade, Carole, and Carol Tavris. Psychology. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, Limited, 1996. * Watson, John B. Behaviorism. New York: The People's Institute Company, Inc. , 1924.