Science on television and in film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science on television and in film - Essay Example Mass media, especially television, printed media and the Internet benefits from the misunderstanding, superstitions and fears of general public who live in the world that is completely dependent on science and on scientific achievements. Television, as the most influential and powerful part of mass media, uses initial desire of a person to get information about surrounding world. As Carl Sagan , the famous astronomer and advocate of popular science, once mentioned: "children are natural-born scientists, inherently curious about the world around them and the way things work". It is the way we often encountered science in the classroom that seemed to turn many people off to science, he contended. (Sharon Dunwoody, Sharon M. Friedman, Carol L. Rogers, 180) Media started to involve general public in its nets long ago. In 1686, in a French speaking Entretiens sur la pluralit des mondes, there were recognized the need to satisfy both 'la gens du monde' and 'les savants'. Only in the next fifty years, this specification of public tended to develop more and more into two different orders of discourse: one for the scientists, the other one for the educated public. By the end of the following century, this second language had already focused on specific and paradigmatic audiences: women (as 'symbols of ignorance, goodwill, curiosity') for instance, through periodicals like The Ladies' Diary and books like Il Newtonianesimo per le dame by Francesco Algarotti (1752) or L'Astronomie des dames by Joseph Jrome Lefranois de Lalande (1785) (A. R. Hall, 339). It is only since the second half of the nineteenth century, however that one can really talk of 'large scale' communication of science explicitly addressed by its authors not just to specific a udiences but also to the general public ('grand public').Nowadays there are a lot of television programs and channels in that or this way linked with science. National Geographic, Nova, Discovery and TV communication tools are good examples. The another example are the Jacques Cousteau's discoveries, they were devoted exactly to the problem of doing science, and the programs were done in an interesting manner, attracting spectators. The usual composition of a Jacques Cousteau's program was: identification of problem, a hypothesis for the problem solution, and then action, live solution of the problem. There are also other programs, broadcast on educational channels, their distinguishing feature is that they represent science fairly, but at the same time they have very limited audience comparing to above-mentioned channels and programs.There are some peculiarities of science on TV; they are mentioned in the book of Jane Gregory and Steve Miler. The argument of the authors is that tel evision moving away from traditional scientific exposition and using popular culture one. All scientific stories on television have heroes and sometimes villains, plots, denouements, beginnings, middles, and ends, these all means that scientific stories transforms to dramatic. Jane Gregory and Steve Miler turn to media studies of professor Roger Silverstone, who determines a tension between the storytelling aspect of television science and the need for a realistic representation of the scientific processes at work. Jane Gregory and Steve Miler descried a typical TV scientific program like one that start with a problem, set out mimetically in terms of "what were, and what killed, the dinosaurs" and

Improving Attendance in Statutory Education Essay Example for Free

Improving Attendance in Statutory Education Essay Under the Education Act 1996, the Council has a statutory duty to ensure children and young people receive fulltime, efficient education, which is suitable to the age, and ability and any special needs they may have. This is usually through attendance at school. The Education Welfare Service (EWS) is one agency which takes the lead role for the Council in supporting school attendance. It will do this through working with children and families, supporting schools and linking with other agencies including the legal system. The EWS will look at a whole range of ideas for why the children aren’t attending school and will look at solutions for this whether it be legal action or just working closely with all involved for example parents, teachers and the school. On the whole this is an extremely important agency which aims to get children into education and helps work out why they are not in education, however there are negative aspects to the agency as they may have to work closely with social services if the parents aren’t fulfilling there role and legal action may be taken again the parents aren’t fulfilling the responsibility although this is a negative aspect of the agency it is all in place for the overall well being of the child. Police can work with local schools and EWC, by undertaking local patrols to detect truancy and going to local areas where children may hide out. By having the police involved children and parents will be able to understand the severity of truancy and poor school attendance which is a positive outcome. This can then lead on to the Youth Offending Team (YOT) whose staff identifies school attendance issues and work actively to resolve them. The Council will work with agencies such as housing companies, Police, Connexions, YOT and voluntary organisations to develop protocols to identify children without school places. Overall these agencies are all there to help improve attendance in schools and all have the same aims, by working together with the school, agencies and organisiations the schools will be able to have the correct support in place for the children in and out of schools, parents and the teachers. The agencies are able to work out reasons for poor attendance and make sure issues are resolved. These organizations are here for a positive reason and to help children get the best education possible and cutting down on reasons for poor attendance. Explain the role of key individuals in improving whole school attendance. Educational Welfare officers- Once a child is registered at a school, it is the parents legal duty to make sure that the child attends school regularly. The role of Education Welfare Officers is to work closely with schools, children and their parents, and with agencies to make sure this happens. The educational welfare officers will work closely with these people to find out why children arent attending regularly and figure out soloutions to ensure this changes. If the parents fail to cooperate and the child does not return to regular attendance at school, the Education Welfare Service may issue a Fixed Penalty Notice or take legal action. Educational welfare officers can refer cases to other agencies such as social services, educational psychologists and health professionals. Ultimately their main responsibilities is to provide support to the children, the families and the school in all areas whether it to be advice on legal responsibilities, or building relationships between the school and the parents and making sure school attendance is at a maximum, if school attendance is not consistant then the educational welfare officers will look into reasons and solutions for this. Teaching Support Workers- Support teachers are in classrooms to support teachers in what they are trying to achieve, they are also there to help individuals who are in need of support when learning, Support teachers are able to give the individuals in need of help more time and focus to help them through areas of difficulties. Having Teaching supports workers available will therefore mean children will feel supported in weak areas and therefore more progress will be made by children which will also boost confidence. Children who are falling behind or children who do not understand specific areas of what they are being taught can become embarassed and withdrawn whilst lacking confidence this could lead to poor behaviour meaning suspension,exclusion,detention or missing school to avoid feeling embarrassed around peers. Having teaching support workers available will mean weak areas can be taregeted and help provided much quicker than just having one teacher in a classroom. Teaching support workers will be able to have the relevant training and guidance to help identify children who are struggling. These are people who are their to support children with any behaviour or learning needs. Headteachers- Most of the duties of a headteacher is managerial and to make sure the school is running properly whilst also making sure everything necessary is provided for staff and pupils. Head teachers will need to make sure specific training is given to identify children who are struggling, making sure there are policies and procedures in place and followed by staff to prevent bullying and equal opportunities. By making sure the children have the mose valuable expreience possible at school and working with children, parents and other agenicies to make sure everything is in place to keep attendace high, if children are struggling the support teacher are in place, if bullying is happening then this needs to be resolved quickly before the child becomes withdrawnand lacks confidence leading to poor attendance. The head teacher will be able to use educational welfare officers and other agencies to help find ways of improving the school and making sure all areas of a childrens welfare are covered and the child is offered the support needed to enjoy school and attend school attaining the best qualifications possible. Special Educational Coordinators- The Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), in collaboration with the head teacher and governing body, plays a key role in determining the strategic development of the Special Educational Needs (SEN) policy and provision in the school to raise the achievement of children with special educational needs. The SENCO takes day-to-day responsibility for the operation of the policy and co-ordination of the provision made for individual children with special educational needs, working closely with staff, parents and carers and other agencies. By having the special education needs co-ordinator this will mean that full support will be given to children in school meaning the chilldren can work to the maximum and achieve the most out of school with the full support and help from the teachers. This will also mean that children wont be embarrassed because they cannot keep up or understand the work and should hopefully stop the children turning to negative behaviour like missing school. This will enable the school to give the children the best experience possible with the best possible outcomes and increased attendance therefore increasing grades attained by children. Explain strategies that can be used to improve the attendance of individual children and young people and whole school attendance Have an attendance policy in place make sure the children are fully aware of the steps that will be taken in cases of non attendance. Whilst making sure that parents follow the procedure for days that children are of sick. Keep parents involved and build relationships with the parents using head teachers and teachers so that they are aware of any problems that maybe underlying at school at the present time which my result in non-attendance. It is also vital to make parents aware of any positive achievements that their son or daughter has achieved. Support available, makes sure that any children struggling in specific educational areas are identified as quickly as possible so that all relevant support and help can be put in place to help the child in the specified area. The school can work in partnership with the educational welfare officer and the local authority to help target specific areas of need. Use rewards and incentives to encourage attendance and punctuality such as certificates for high attendance and increased incentive for the higher attendance and punctuality as the year progresses. Once a child has been absent from school make sure they reintegrate into the school positively. Making sure teachers check they are ok, provide any missed work and provide a support group making sure this is available to the children if they need to talk-for example counselors. Use attendance checks to keep on top of and monitor all attendance for children this will help to discover any patterns in non attendance and help the school find a solution to this quicker therefore benefiting the children. Raising the profile of attendance so if a child fails to attend sending a letter out to parents straight away to make sure they are aware of this or asking for a reason why there was no attendance if the attendance falls below a certain level. Schools can use newsletters and parents evenings to bring this to parents and children’s attention.

Economic Conditions of the Australian Economy :: essays research papers

Economic Conditions of the Australian Economy Over the past five years the Australian economy has gone through many changes experiencing both the peaks and troughs associated with business cycle. Five years ago, in the middle of 1997 Australia’s economic growth had begun to upturn after a period of recession during the ’96 year. This was unmistakably shown through the composite indicators of retail trade, dwelling investment and Australian share market valuations, all concurring with one another and demonstrating the effects of an upturn in economic growth. This economic growth continued to increase through ‘98 and ‘99, partly being attributed to the weakening Australian dollar that allowed for the opening up and increasing market shares held by Australian exports on world markets. This was the case, as the reduction in the Australian dollar’s value, triggered decreases in the prices of our exports for foreign buyers, thereby increasing demand for our products and increasing the amount of money and investments coming into Australia. This therefore resulting in the aforementioned increases economic growth when combined with the high levels of employment and consumer confidence. This economic growth didn’t however continue for long, with the economy peaking just before the start of the year 2000 followed by a sharp downturn that resulted in a temporary recession occurring around the middle of the year. This erratic behavior, most pronounced in retail trade, can be explained by the effects of both the millennium bug and the introduction of a general consumption tax in the form of the GST. The millennium bug caused much panic and with it bought panic spending especially in the IT sector thereby over inflating an already close to booming economy and after the non-event that the millennium (or Y2K) bug caused spending slumped and then further slumped due to the holding back of consumer spending on big ticket items such as cars and houses until the introduction of the GST. In spite of the aforementioned pre GST economic slump, in the second half of 2000, with the implementation of the GST and the advent of the Olympics, the economy quickly boomed again before experiencing another sharp downturn followed by an equally sharp upturn. The initial upturn was due to increased post GST spending followed by huge foreign cash injections into the Australian economy as a result of the Sydney Olympic Games. The Olympics spending however was only temporary and consequently caused a post Olympics downturn, which was quickly countered by the introduction of the first homeowners grant.

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning in which one stimulus comes to serve as a signal for the occurrence of a second stimulus. During classical conditioning, organisms acquire information about the relations between various stimuli, not simple associations between them. (Psychology, pg. 170). In classical condition a stimulus, or a physical event capable of affecting behavior, that initially doesn’t elicit a particular response can obtain the capacity to elicit that response as a result of repeated pairing with a stimulus that can elicit a response.Classical conditioning became part of a careful study in the early twentieth century, when the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov identified it as an important behavioral process. Pavlov started out his research focusing on the process of digestion in dogs. Along his research he noticed that the dogs from his studies often began to salivate when they saw or smelled food but before they even tasted it. Some of the dogs even salivated at sight of the pan where the food was kept, or at the sight of the person who usually brings the food. Pavlov said that the stimuli had somehow became signals for the food itself.The dogs had learned that when the signals were present, food would soon follow. Pavlov quickly recognized the potential importance of his observation and started shifting his research. His experiment started out with a neutral stimulus, or a stimulus that has no previous effect of salivation such as the bell. He rang the bell then immediately followed it by a second stimulus know to produce salivation, such as a dried meat powder that was placed directly in the dogs mouth. The meat powder is considered to be the unconditioned stimulus or UCS, because the ability to salivate was automatic and not learned.On the flipside the salivation of the dog to the meat powder is the unconditioned response or UCR. The bell now is termed the conditioned stimulus or CS beca use the ability for it to elicit saliva from the dog is dependent on being paired with the meat powder. Salvation in response to just the bell is called the conditioned response or CR. He found that if you ring the bell then give the god the meat powder soon or later the dog will start to salivate just to the ring of the bell without the meat powder even present.Extinction is the process in which you lose the ability to evoke conditioned response when it no longer is followed by a unconditioned stimulus. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, extinction could occur if Pavlov kept ringing the bell and not following it up with the meat powder. This means the dog no longer salivates in response to the bell. If Pavlov keeps ringing the bell sometimes the dog might remember about the meat powder and salivate even though no meat powder is present. This is called reconditioning.This means the rapid recovery of a conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS)- unconditioned stimulus (UCS) pairing. Let’s say Pavlov stops working with the dogs for several weeks because he is working on other research, then suddenly goes back to the dogs and rings the bell, the dogs should in theory then salivate due to a process called spontaneous recovery. This is the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS) after an interval of time following extinction.If Pavlov was cooking something and the timer goes off making a ringing sound, the dogs most likely would salivate because of a process called stimulus generalization, or the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) to evoke conditioned responses (CR). Through the process of stimulus discrimination, or the process by which organisms learn to respond to certain stimuli but not to others, the dogs will salivate to the ring of a bell but if the door bell rand they would not salivate because they discriminate and can tell the difference between the bell and the doo r bell.Psychology. about. com says that classical conditioning is used in everyday life by many dog trainers helping to train people’s pets. Some techniques are also helpful in the treatment of many phobias or anxiety problems. Teachers can apply classical conditioning in the classroom by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear especially with classroom speeches. It helps to get the student relaxed instead of anxious. Operant conditioning is a process through which organisms learn to repeat behaviors that yield positive outcomes.In operant conditioning it is broken down into reinforcements and punishments. In the reinforcement part there are two reinforcers, positive and negative. A positive reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens responses, and a negative reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens responses that permit the organism to avoid or escape from their presence. An example of a positive reinforcement is when I broug ht home my report card in 6th grade and there were all A’s my mom and dad gave me 5 dollars for every A.The target behavior for that example would be the getting A’s and the positive reinforcement would be my parents giving me 5 dollars an A. An example of a negative reinforcement would be on a cold and dark morning your all snug and warm under your covers, and suddenly your alarm clack goes off across the room. Getting out of the warm bed is the last thing you want to do but the noise is intolerable. The target behavior is turning off the alarm, and the negative reinforcement is getting out of the warm bed in order to turn off the annoying alarm clock.The punishment section of operant conditioning is broken in half just about the same way. There is negative and positive punishment. In negative punishment, the rate if a behavior is weakened or decreased because the behavior is linked to the loss of potential reinforcements. An example of a negative punishment is in a k indergarten class a young boy lashes out and hits the teacher in the stomach with a pencil as he throws it. The teacher sentences him to 10 minutes in the time out corner. The target behavior is the lashing out and throwing the pencil.The negative punishment is the 10 minutes of isolation in the corner. In positive punishment, stimuli weaken responses that precede them. For example you are driving home from work at an excessive speed, About 25 mile per hour over the speed limit. As you go over the little hill you see a state trooper parked on the side of the highway with his radar gun pointed right at you. The next thing you know is the flashing lights are right behind you and pulling you over. You get a pretty hefty ticket for your speeding. After you pay your fine you always obey the speed limit signs.The target behavior in this example is the speeding and the positive punishment is the speeding ticket you receive for speeding. B. F. Skinner is known as the father of operant condi tioning. He invented a box called the Skinner box where a rat is trapped inside with a lever. Every time the rat presses the lever it receives a food pellet. Shaping might have to be used in order to get the rat to press the lever. Shaping is a technique in which closer and closer approximations to desired behavior are required for the delivery of positive reinforcement.Basically this means Skinner might have had to shock the rat’s feet when the rat started going the wrong way. That way it will remember to not go that way. When it finally presses the lever the food pellet drops and it works as a positive reinforcement because if the rat got a food pellet from pressing the lever maybe he will do in again and remember that whenever you press the lever you get rewarded with a food pellet. There are many different schedules of reinforcement you can follow. A schedule of reinforcement is rules determining when and how reinforcements will be delivered.A continuous reinforcement sch edule is a schedule in which every occurrence of a particular behavior is reinforced. A fixed interval schedule is a schedule of reinforcement in which a specific interval of time must elapse before a response will yield reinforcement. There is also variable-interval schedule which is a schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse before a response will yield reinforcement. A fixed ratio schedule occurs only after a fixed number of responses have been emitted.Variable-ratio schedules are delivered after a variable number of responses have been performed. The last is a concurrent schedule of reinforcement. It is situations in which two or more behaviors each have its own reinforcement schedule and are simultaneously available. Works Cited * Baron, Robert A. Psychology (With Mind Matters CD-ROM). Danbury: Allyn & Bacon, Incorporated, 2000. * â€Å"Classical Conditioning – Introduction to Classical Conditioning. † Psychology – Student Resources – Psychology Articles. 06 Jan. 2009 . * Plotnik, Rod, Haig Kouyoumdjian, Dennis Coon, and John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology 1505. Cincinnati State Technical & Community College. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2008. * Skinner, Burrhus F. About Behaviorism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. , 1974. * Staddon, John. The New Behaviorism : Mind, Mechanism and Society. New York: Psychology P, 2000. * Wade, Carole, and Carol Tavris. Psychology. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, Limited, 1996. * Watson, John B. Behaviorism. New York: The People's Institute Company, Inc. , 1924.

Henry Higgins Bullies Eliza Doolittle

Pygmalion is a well-known play written by George Bernard Shaw in 1912. In mythology, Pygmalion was a sculptor who fell in love with one of his statues. In the play, Professor Henry Higgins represents the ‘sculptor’ who falls in love with Eliza Doolittle, his creation. He makes a bet with another linguist that he can pass her off as a proper lady and begins to teach her how to speak proper English. Due to Higgins’ impersonal nature, he treats Eliza badly causing her to leave once she wins his bet.After finding her at his mother's house, he learns that she intends to work for herself and possibly marry an upper class twit she met there previously. He leaves upset, and she comes back to him because she realizes that even though he doesn't show his emotions, he does care for her. Firstly, some of Higgins’ behaviours prove that he does bully Eliza. This can be shown by Higgins treating her like dirt and telling her what to do all the time, like he has control ov er her.For example, when Eliza is convinced that Higgins is a policeman (when in fact he isn’t) in Act 1, she believes that he will charge her for prostitution after she calls a stranger ‘Captain. ’ She panics with ‘much distress’ and ‘struggles with her emotion’. Irritated by her whines and wails, Higgins loses his temper and says â€Å"Woman: cease this detestable boohooing instantly. † The use of the word ‘woman’ suggests that Higgins is impersonal and doesn’t even bother to ask what her name is.Also, by saying ‘cease’ we can see that he is using imperative language and this emphasises the fact that he tries to control her. In addition, we know that Higgins is very angry because of the stage direction, ‘explosively’. Eliza reacts with ‘feeble defiance’ especially as nobody has spoken to her like that before. Furthermore, Higgins says â€Å"Don’t sit there crooni ng like a bilious pigeon. † Again, Higgins uses imperative language in his attempts to control Eliza. He also uses natural imagery to portray Eliza as an unclean, sick animal you can find on any of the streets of London.Although in the play, Higgins’ character is portrayed to be mean and unsociable as we can see when he says to his mother â€Å"I know I have no small talk; but people don’t mind. † This quotation is evidence that he is quite impersonal, not just to Eliza, but to everyone. For example, when he meets Mrs Eynsford Hill, he says that he’s â€Å"delighted,† sarcastically and bluntly and is uncomfortable, also shown by the stage direction, ‘glumly’ and ‘backs away’. However, Shaw also shows some of Higgins’ softer sides. For instance, in Act 4 Eliza is furious withHiggins because she feels like she’s just been treated as an experiment and not like a person. Here she provokes Higgins by shoutin g and throwing insults at him so he finally tells her â€Å"It is you who have hit me. You have wounded me to the heart. † This suggests that Higgins never realised he hurt Eliza or treated her wrongly. However it also shows that he’s upset with Eliza for failing to realise that deep down he really does care about her feelings. However, in a sense Higgins is irresponsible for deciding to allow a young vulnerable woman stay in his house without knowing anything about her.The main reason he takes her in is for the money that he can win in his bet with Pickering. Mrs Pearce has to frequently warn Higgins that if he takes Eliza in as a pupil, she will be his responsibility and also that he must ‘look ahead a little. ’ This is because Mrs Pearce is concerned that once Eliza has learnt to speak properly, she will be used to the luxuries of Higgins’ house and wont have any money, clothes or a suitable home to live in once it’s time to move out. Higg ins however takes no notice of Mrs Pearce and says â€Å"When I’ve done with her, we can throw her back into the gutter. From this we can tell that he is impersonal and doesn’t call Eliza by her own name, it also implies that he doesn’t care about her at first and just thinks of her as an experiment. Towards the end of the play after the garden party, Higgins says fervently â€Å"Thank God it’s over! † Eliza reacts by ‘flinching violently’ but ‘they take no notice of her’. From the stage direction ‘fervently’ we can tell that Higgins is speaking with spirit and confidence which emphasises how little he cares about Eliza’s journey to become a lady in a flower shop which hurts her deeply as we can tell from the stage directions.Another way in which we can prove Higgins doesn’t bully Eliza is through the fact that he’s very generous and liberal with her. An example of this is when Eliza meet s him in his house, the day after their first encounter. Higgins offers Eliza life changing lessons, new clothes and shelter but at first she ungratefully refuses them. Also, Higgins is undoubtedly busy man with not much time to spare because of his phonetics experiments and studies. Nevertheless, he decides to take Eliza into his own home and sacrifices months and months of his time to assist Eliza in her ‘lady-in-a-flower-shop’ dream.In conclusion, Higgins’ character is impersonal, unsociable and he definitely has the tendency to cause an argument at times. Higgins calls Eliza some nasty names in Pygmalion such as ‘baggage’ and even ‘squashed cabbage leaf’ however it isn’t meant in a malicious way. This is because Higgins doesn’t really know how to act normally around other people and has a lack of social skills and he even admits it himself. Higgins never physically bullied Eliza, he’s big hearted, used to banter, but finds it difficult to express his emotions and occasionally forgets to think before he speaks.

Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essays

Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essays Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essay Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essay Romeo and Juliet is an epic love story that climaxes in tragedy. The story follows two lovers from opposing families over the course of two days, and it features many twists and turns that always keeps the audience on its toes. In my opinion, Romeo and Juliet is one of William Shakespeares greatest plays. It features love, tragedy, comedy, action and a classic story that will never be forgotten.During this essay I will discuss the passions that are in this play, and how they feature. Are passions dangerous, and do they need to be controlled? Or are passions what make life worth living, and without them the world would be dull and meaningless? I will discuss both these questions, and try to come to a conclusion.Every character experiences some kind of passion during the play. Romeo and Juliet obviously both feel love, but they feel other passions such as anger, sadness and vengefulness. For instance, Romeo feels anger when Tybalt has killed Mercutio. Alive, in triumph! and Mercutio sl ain! Away to heaven, respective lenity, and fire-eyed fury be my conduct now! is what Romeo says when he eyes Tybalt after the killing. This shows how angry Romeo is at Tybalt. Previously, Romeo was speaking in kindness to Tybalt, telling him he loved the Capulet. Tybalt did not yet know that Romeo and Juliet were now husband and wife, and wished to fight the groom. Romeo declined, and Mercutio stepped forward. Mercutio was killed in combat, and Romeo became angry. In his fury, he killed Tybalt. This is a defining moment in the play because the fight resulted in Romeo being banished from Verona.Yet, as Romeo feels such anger at one point, he feels much loveduring another. Oh, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! Her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night, as a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear is what Romeo says upon seeing Juliet at the Capulet party. This not only demonstrates that Romeo thinks Juliet is absolutely beautiful; it also brings some poetry to the play. Throughout the s cenes, Shakespeare manages to add many pieces of poetry into the play, which gives the scene that little extra magic. This quote also highlights how passion is necessary at the right moments. If there were no passion during this scene, the scene would be pointless.I think it may be worth noting at this point that since the couple met, they have never held a real conversation. I think it is ironic how the two can tell each other they love one another when they have never talked about their personalities or lives. Whenever Romeo and Juliet meet, all they ever talk about is how they love each other and want to stay togetherJuliet has a wide range of emotions and passions throughout the play. She also feels happiness, but also feels sadness and deep sorrow. Is there no pity sitting in the clouds that sees into the bottom of my grief? is what Juliet speaks when she finds that she must marry Paris, even though she is married to Romeo. Yet she cannot tell her parents she is married, as the y can never know she is sharing her life with a Montague. I think she also feels anger towards her family at this point too. She cannot be with her love because of the families frivolous feud and she wants it to end. It is worth noting that Shakespeare never reveals why the families quarrel. I believe he does this because he wants to make the audience feel that the grudge they bear against each other is so old, neither families remember why they fight. I think this shows that angry passions do need to be controlled, as they can have dangerous consequences.Sadness features quite often in this play. Most characters feel sadness at some stage in the play. Once again, it is ironic that possibly the greatest love story ever written features so many negative feelings. Maybe Shakespeare wanted to teach us something about love; love can only lead to pain. While many good things come from love in this play, it all eventually leads to the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet dying. One could blame the ir deaths on the families fighting, but they would never have died if they had not been in love.The audience always knew that the play would be ending in sadness and tragedy. In the prologue the audience is told A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life, revealing that both Romeo and Juliet kill themselves. Therefore, throughout the play the audience always has on their minds that the couple will kill themselves before the end of the play. Even when the audience should be happy that Romeo and Juliet are in love, they always know that it will end in death. I think Shakespeare does this to keep the theme of tragedy running in the play, even at the happiest of moments.In contrast to many other characters, Mercutios personality rarely changes. At every appearance during the play, even leading to his death, Mercutio is witty and charming, his language filled with sexual comments. However, during Mercutios death scene his words become deadly serious. When Mercutio first appears, he is headed with Romeo, Benvolio, and friends to the Capulet party. Mercutio debates everything the sad, gloomy Romeo says and lightens up the mood with his wit. His upbeat personality contrasts sharply with Romeos melancholy. He counters Romeos every complaint with comment that is bound to make the audience smile. It is also ironic how Romeo is the main character and hero of the story yet the focus is always on Mercutio whenever the cheerful character is around.Mercutio dies in a very memorable way. He and Tybalt are duelling, and Mercutio is doing very well. Yet Romeo foolishly intervenes and Mercutio is slain. It is debatable that if Romeo had never got in the way of the duellists, Mercutio would have probably won the duel. However, Romeos new found love for the Capulet family blinded him and all that was on his mind was stopping the fight, no matter what the cost. This obviously shows that passions do need to be controlled in certain situation, as they can lead to this. However, if t he characters passions were controlled this scene would not exist. If they were controlled there would be no anger felt toward each other therefore this encounter would have been avoided.When Romeo tells Mercutio that the wound is not deep, Mercutio replies: No, tis not as deep as a well, nor so wide as a church-door; but tis enough, twill serve. This time, Mercutios wit is accompanied by a curse on both families. The wound is only small, but is enough to kill him. He says A plague o both your houses! many times before he dies. This shows that even when Mercutio has been witty and charming, he is angry with the families because of their frivolous row. As Mercutio is one of the audiences most loveable characters, this makes the audience angry with the families for such a ridiculous feud that can lead to such consequences.From Mercutios death, the plays tragedy doesnt stop. A vital character from the play is killed, and this triggers the tragedy. From this moment on, nothing happens t hat is celebrated. Many people are angry with Shakespeare for killing off such a cheerful and important character half way through the play. I agree with them.The friar is a close friend to both Romeo and Juliet. It is the Friar who agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet in secrecy, though he knows their parents would not consent. He also concocts the plan for Juliet to play dead and is supposed to get the word out to Romeo. He fails. I cannot help but notice that everything that the Friar touches goes wrong.I believe that the Friars passion is to bring the two feuding families together. This is why he marries the two star crossed lovers as he believes that it will bring the two families closer together.Romeo greets the Friar Good morrow, father, and Friar Lawrence responds by calling Romeo Young son. Though these exchanges are appropriate because of the religious context, this interchange has greater importance. It is not just the exchange between the priest and the penitent. The Friar a lso stands in for Romeos own father since there are no scenes between Romeo and his parents. The Friar is the only person to whom Romeo turns for advice, and he is the last person to whom Juliet turns after all others have forsaken her. In this sense, he is father to them both and responsible for upholding order.The Friar is always there to comfort and help the two lovers, especially Romeo. One part that stands out is in the Friars cell, when Romeo has just been banished. Romeo is having a tantrum, and is incredibly upset that he has been separated from Juliet and fair Verona. The Friar tells Romeo this: O deadly sin! O rude unthankfulness! Thy fault our law calls death; but the kind Prince, Taking they part, hath rushd aside the law, and turnd that black word death to banishment. This is dear mercy, and thou seest it not. The Friar is telling Romeo that he should be thankful and lucky to still be alive. At this point, The Friar tells off Romeo, and demands that he stop crying and a cting like a girl. From this scene it is obvious to see why The Friar is seen as a father figure to Romeo, as he is saying everything a father would say to his boy in such a situation.However, even though he is seen as a father figure, many of his ideas go awry. He is the person to suggest that Juliet should fake her death, therefore leading to Romeos death. This was obviously a ridiculous idea from the start, one that would never work. I think the Friar has a constant passion, one that is to try and direct Romeo and Juliet. This shows that passions need to be suppressed and controlled because he often leads the couple the wrong way. Ultimately, it is the Friar that kills Romeo and Juliet. He is the person to suggest the ludicrous fake death plan, and this drives Romeo to suicide. Romeos death then destroys Juliet.At the end of the play, the Friars loyalty is tested. He is in the tomb when Juliet awakes, and she spies Romeos corpse. Instead of staying to help, he hears a noise and f lees. How can someone seen as a father figure do this? Even though the two lovers regularly turn to him, his advice is usually bad and he proves how disloyal he is at the end of the play.Even though such terrible things can come from passions, I still believe that the world needs them. I believe that they could never be controlled as they put the excitement into our lives. Without passions, there would be no point in living. Without passions, life would be incredibly dull. We need passion to keep us alive. I believe Shakespeare felt the same, even though such feelings can lead to such disastrous consequences. As the old saying goes, what is the point in living if you cant feel alive? Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essays Romeo and Juliet Coursework Paper Romeo and Juliet Coursework Paper Act 3, Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet is one of the key scenes of Shakespeares play. Consider why this scene is so important and show how a production of it could be directed to create its full dramatic impact.Act 3, Scene 5 is one of the most significant scenes in the play. It is Romeo and Juliets last night together and Shakespeare has already shown us how risky it is for them to be together because of what has happened before the scene begins. The audience knows that Romeo should be out of Verona but is not, and that Lord Capulet wants Juliet to marry the County Paris on the Thursday of the same week. As we can deduce the whole play is kept in quite a short time-space. As the scene begins the tone is sorrowful because Romeo and Juliet both know they might never see each other again.In Acts 1 and 2, Shakespeare shows Juliet to be the centre of the events because he demonstrates how she is a young girl who has not experienced love until she meets Romeo, the son of her enemy. The playwr ight shows Juliet to be willing to accept the possibility of marriage to Paris, I look to like, if looking liking move, but when she meets Romeo she falls in love and Paris love does not occur to her. We know that Juliets mother would like her to marry Paris and Shakespeare reveals to us that Lady Capulet was married young. This means that she might be a little anxious as to whether Juliet should be married young as well, or she would just accept it as appropriate for her daughter.At the beginning of the scene, Shakespeare shows the audience Romeo and Juliet the morning when Romeo must leave Juliet. We later realise it is the last time that they see each other alive. Romeos words are dramatic and tense, this shows that something could happen, I must be gone and live, or stay and die. As soon as Juliet realises this as the truth she hastily tells him to leave, hie hence, be gone, away, this shows us how afraid she is of losing Romeo. When the Nurse enters she hurries things up becaus e she knows that Juliets mother is coming to see Juliet, this creates a sense of urgency and tension. Juliet, as she opens the window says, Then window let day in and let life out, this shows as daylight comes into her room, Romeo, her life must go.O thinkst thou we shall ever meet again? are some of the most significant words spoken by Juliet before Romeo leaves because Shakespeare shows the audience how much Juliet feels and fears for Romeo; she knows how dangerous it is to have him in her house and in her life yet she cannot bear to see him leave. Juliet also has a vision as Romeo leaves, As one dead in the bottom of a tomb, Juliet sees Romeo dead and this ominous thought gives the audience another reason to believe that something could happen.Once with her mother, Shakespeares use of language allows Juliet to be ambiguous for a lot of this scene, I will not marry yet and when I do, I swear it will be to Romeo, whom you know I hate. As an audience we realise this because Juliet i s married to Romeo and loves him, not hates him. When Lady Capulet enters, Juliet does not know the reason of why her mother has come to see her because Lady Capulet does not get straight to the point. What unaccustomed cause procures her hither? Shakespeare then shows Juliet to be crying, Lady Capulet believes it is still because of the death of Tybalt, Juliets cousin, evermore weeping for your cousins death? however, the audience knows that it is because of the loss of Romeo. Juliets relationship with Lady Capulet is distant, Shakespeare shows the audience this by Lady Capulet echoing Juliets words, let me weep for such a feeling of loss, so you shall feel the losswhich you weep for. During this dialogue with Lady Capulet and Juliet Shakespeares uses Juliets feeling to portray ambiguity in a large amount of what she says, I will not marry yet, and when I do, I swear it shall be Romeo whom you know I hate To create dramatic irony, Shakespeare presents a character that hates Romeo and one that loves him. With Romeo, till I behold him dead is my poor heart, Lady Capulet believes the Juliet wants Romeo dead, however the audience realises the Juliet is being ambiguous and would rather have a dead heart, so she does not have to cope with all the emotions she is during the play.When Lady Capulet tells Juliet the good news, Juliets reaction is not at all what she expects however Juliet does not know it was coming and so is panicked and shocked and so is too outspoken, now by Saint Peters Church and Peter too, He shall not make me there a joyful bride In the century that the play is set, this sort of comment was considered blasphemy, as it was deemed to be swearing by the church. I would have set this particular dialogue between Lady Capulet and Juliet to be distant and I would have the Nurse in the background wanting to interrupt but holding back because we know that the Nurse likes to talk when the subject applies to Juliet.During this scene, when Lord Capulet i s on stage, Shakespeare shows the audience how his anger builds because Juliet does not want to marry Paris. Capulet is surprised because during Act 1, Scene 3, Juliet is open-minded about the possibility of being married off, speak briefly; can you like of Paris love? I look to like, if looking liking move. Shakespeare shows us Capulets anger by making him echo Juliets words, I thank you not, and yet not proud.' Capulet also insults Juliet because he finds it hard to understand why Juliet will not marry Paris when he truly believes it is the right thing to do, out, you green-sickness carrion! However before Lord Capulet mentions the marriage to Paris, he seems caring because he says, evermore showring? In one little body which shows that he feels sorry for her. Shakespeare also uses imagery to show sympathy, Sailing in this salt flood; the winds, thy sighsShakespeare also uses Lady Capulets line to be dramatically ironic, Capulet asks Lady Capulet if she has told Juliet about the m arriage and Lady Capulet says, Ay sir, but she will none, she gives you thanks. I would the fool were married to her grave. We realise that Lady Capulet has little sympathy for Juliet because she had to marry young, and she knows that if she argued with Capulet she would not be being loyal. As Capulets anger builds, Shakespeare shows us the full extent of his anger, my fingers inch, which suggests that he wants to hit her but doesnt, however he knows that because he is the dominant figure in the house he has the most power and so Juliet should respect it. We also realise that Lady Capulet does not speak much because she has turned her back on Juliet.In this scene, when Juliet tells her father she does not want to marry Paris, Shakespeare shows us that Capulet cannot contemplate what his daughter is saying he only wants the best for her. As an audience we realise this because he loves Juliet being his daughter and so wouldnt think of putting her out on the streets or disowning her , we know this that he has only reacted like this because he is hurt and upset. Shakespeare has shown us Capulets love for Juliet in Act 1, Scene 2. Capulet and Paris talk about a possible marriage, however Capulet does not seem sure about the idea of arranging a marriage yet for his only daughter as she is so young, and too soon marred as those so early made. Capulet, during Act 3, Scene 5 hasnt really understood what Juliet has been saying but does understand the underlying meaning, how how, how how, chopt logic?Lady Capulet does not really say anything because she knows she is supposed to be loyal to her husband and go along with what he says. (In the times that Shakespeare was writing and has set his play, the wife of the household was expected to do exactly as the man desired and if that meant not defying him and not expressing her own opinions, she would not.) However, the audience knows that Lady Capulet would not want to hurt Juliet and so must be increasingly worried. I thi nk that this should be shown on stage if Capulet is up close to Juliet when the tension builds, and Lady Capulet could pull her husband away to show that she does not want Juliet to think that she does not care and so that Lord Capulet does not hurt Juliet physically.Later on in the scene when Capulets anger builds, we hope that he doesnt mean what he says but is just hurt and angry, hang, beg, starve, die Capulet also shows his dominance and authority by putting characters in place. In the century that the play is set in, men were the most important people in the house and so they could say whatever they wanted. Capulet speaks rudely and severely to the Nurse, but is allowed to because she is a servant, hold your tongue, peace you mumbling fool.We know that Capulet reacts the way he does because he is so surprised by what Juliet thinks and how she reacts to the concept of marriage to Paris. We know that he wants what is best for Juliet and so when she refuses to marry him, Capulets first reaction is that she is defying her father, Shakespeare shows us this reaction by the anger we see on stage.Juliets reaction to the proposal of marriage is as expected, the audience realises this because she has just spent her last night, perhaps for ever, with her love and now is being forcefully asked to marry someone who she does not have any feelings for. It is quite the opposite to earlier in the play when Juliet is open-minded to the idea of marriage but her change of heart is understandable.By the end of this scene, Shakespeare shows the audience that she is decisive by the way she tricks the nurse and the rest of her family into thinking that she is going to ask Friar Laurence for forgiveness, when the audience knows that she is going to see him for advice or a potion to kill herself, Ill go to friar to know his remedy; if all else fail, myself have power to die.Juliets mother, Lady Capulet reacts in a way that makes the audience wonder if she feels anything for Julie t, Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word. Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. She does not help Juliet and does not comfort her when Capulet exits. This could either be because she fears Capulet and so does not want to defy his wishes. Also Shakespeare may have wanted the audience to believe that she does not comfort Juliet because needs to convince herself, Lady Capulet was married to Capulet when she was young and so perhaps wasnt happy, maybe this means that she needs to grasp that it is happening to her daughter, Juliet.The Nurses reaction in this scene is not to be expected. She has been supportive of Romeo and Juliets love from the beginning but when Capulet puts across his point, the Nurses opinion changes. This surprises Juliet, that same tongue which hath praised him above compare so many thousand time. I think that the Nurses opinion changes because she sees Capulets reaction and is scared of his response if he found out that she went against his word, also it c ould be a practical response because the Nurse realises that Romeo and Juliets love has too high a risk and is pointless. Maybe she is also afraid of losing her job.During Act 3, thehs of major characters, Tybalt, Juliets cousin, and Mercutio, a friend of both families. We know that Romeo kills Tybalt out of anger because Tybalt kills Mercutio. This creates tension between both families, Lady Capulet wants Romeo dead and Juliet knows this, which is why she has to be careful when Romeo comes to see her. It is the Nurse that tells Juliet about Tybalts murder but still convinces Juliet to stay on Romeos side, which is why it is a surprise to Juliet when the Nurse suddenly chooses to tell Juliet to forget about Romeo. Act 3, Scene 3 is when Shakespeare shows us that Romeo does not know who to turn to for help and so seeks Friar Laurences advice, however by the end of this act it is Juliet who does not know who to turn to and so she too turns to Friar Laurence for help.

Tourism Growth Essay

Tourism Growth Essay Tourism Growth Essay What are the factors currently limiting the country’s tourism growth? A person travelling to other countries for business purposes, recreations and leisure is simply known as tourist. The amount of tourist entering into the country is known as tourist flow and the number of percentage increase is known as tourism growth. Tourism growth varies from seasons to seasons as there are off seasons and also depending on those countries that one is visiting. Like every countries, there are always factors limiting the country’s tourism growth like climate, political stability and personal preference. 1) Hurricane Season In every country’s tourism board, their mission is to increase customers’ satisfaction, safety and comfort. Due to all these factors, the climate change plays a major impact on tourism growth. Beachside is one of the coastal features and attraction that significantly contributed to the physical, social and economic development of Antigua and Barbuda. Annually, during June to November it have been reported that six tropical storms, ten hurricanes and four tropical depressions occurred from the year between 1996 and 2001. Regardless of the land-situated miles away, whether depression, hurricanes or storms, they can affect wave motions in Antigua and Barbuda. Due to this fact, tourists have been constantly avoiding to travel to beachside at these periods of time. (unesco.org, 2003) 2) Crime Rates Crimes like violence, raping, murdering, and assaulting in Antigua and Barbuda have been constantly rising and occurring. Antigua and Barbuda was known as a tropical country with peace. During the period from 2008 to early January 2011, it have been reported that five tourists have been murdered. (WorldNormads.com, 2010) Furthermore, ever since the incident of British couple being shot with a gun, it had highlighted the crime rates of the country. In the year of 2008, it have been reported in the news that with the population of 80,000 people, murder rate have been three times more as compared to New York city. (The telegraph, 2008) 3) Personal Preference The role of personal preference refers to personal character. It consists of age, occupation, life cycle stage, economic situation and lifestyle consisting of individual’s pattern of living which can be expressed in difference in individual interests, opinions and activities that one would like to be engaged in. This data gives a brief analysis on trip purpose on which what a traveller is looking for during their trip, expectations and experiences. 4) Global Economical Crisis As the global financial crisis that began since 2008, the Caribbean Basin has been decrease slightly in visitation due to high unemployment rate especially in major market such as the United States (Kindred, 2012). Due to the high pressure on the economy people prefer to stay at home rather than going overseas with tight budget. Also as mentioned in previous section, two British tourist was shot dead and nearly half of them are not planning to come within next year and they would stay closer to their home (Simpson, 2009). Not only in Antigua, Barbuda, in Caribbean, according to the World Travel and Tourism Council, nearly 5 percent was dropped for global travel in 2009 (Math, 2012) in such struggling economic situation but also they are expecting the economy will bounce back as well as the tourism industry. 5) The Increase of Flight Taxes According to BBC (2012), â€Å"The Caribbean is the most tourism-dependent region in the world – but a big drop in visitor numbers is being blamed on Britain’s air passenger duty†.

American Woman Suffrage Association

American Woman Suffrage Association Founded: November 1869 Preceded by: American Equal Rights Association (split between American Woman Suffrage Association and National Woman Suffrage Association) Succeeded by: National American Woman Suffrage Association (merger) Key figures: Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, Henry Blackwell, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, T. W. Higginson, Wendell Phillips, Caroline Severance, Mary Livermore, Myra Bradwell Key characteristics (especially in contrast to the National Woman Suffrage Association): Supported passing the 15th Amendment (giving the vote to black men) even if women were explicitly excludedFocused on the vote for women and largely ignored other womens rights issuesSupported winning woman suffrage state by state with only occasional pressure for a federal constitutional amendmentSupported the Republican PartyStructure was a delegate systemMen could and did join as full members and serve as officersThe larger of the two organizationsConsidered the more conservative of the two organizationsOpposed more militant or confrontational strategies Publication: The Womans Journal Headquartered in: Boston Also known as: AWSA, the American About the American Woman Suffrage Association The American Woman Suffrage Association was formed in November of 1869, as the American Equal Rights Association fell apart over debate on the passage of the 14th amendment and 15th amendment to the United States constitution at the end of the American Civil War. In 1868, the 14th amendment was ratified, including the word male in the constitution for the first time. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton believed that the Republican Party and abolitionists had betrayed women by excluding them from the 14th and 15th amendments, extending the vote only to black men. Others, including Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, T. W. Higginson, Henry Blackwell and Wendell Phillips, favored supporting the amendments, fearing they would not pass if women were included. Stanton and Anthony began publishing a paper, The Revolution, in January 1868, and often expressed their sense of betrayal at former allies who were willing to set aside womens rights. In November of 1868, the Womens Rights Convention in Boston had led some participants to form the New England Woman Suffrage Association. Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, Isabella Beecher Hooker, Julia Ward Howe and T. W. Higginson were the founders of the the NEWSA. The organization tended to support Republicans and the black vote. As Frederick Douglass said in a speech at the first convention of the NEWSA, the cause of the negro was more pressing than that of womans. The following year, Stanton and Anthony and some supporters split from the American Equal Rights Association, forming the National Woman Suffrage Association - two days after the May 1869 convention of the AERA. The American Woman Suffrage Association focused on the issue of woman suffrage, to the exclusion of other issues. The publication The Womans Journal was founded in January, 1870, with editors Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell, assisted by Mary Livermore in the early years, by Julia Ward Howe in the 1870s, and then by Stone and Blackwells daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell. The 15th amendment became law in 1870, prohibiting the denial of the right to vote based on a citizens race, color, or previous condition of servitude. No state had yet passed any woman suffrage laws. In 1869 both Wyoming Territory and Utah Territory had given women the right to vote, though in Utah, women were not given the right to hold office, and the vote was taken away by a federal law in 1887. The American Woman Suffrage Association worked for suffrage state by state, with occasional support for federal action. In 1878, a woman suffrage amendment was introduced into the United States Constitution, and soundly defeated in Congress. Meanwhile, the NWSA also began to focus more on state by state suffrage referenda. In October, 1887, frustrated by the lack of progress and the weakening of the suffrage movement by its split between two factions, and noting that their strategies had become more similar, Lucy Stone proposed at an AWSA convention that the AWSA approach the NWSA about a merger. Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Stone Blackwell and Rachel Foster met in December, and soon the two organizations established committees to negotiate a merger. In 1890, the American Woman Suffrage Association merged with the National Woman Suffrage Association, forming the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Elizabeth Cady Stanton became the new organizations president (largely a figurehead position as she then went on a two-year trip to England), Susan B. Anthony became the vice president (and, in Stantons absence, acting president), and Lucy Stone, who was ailing at the time of the merger, became head of the Executive Committee.

European House Price Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

European House Price - Essay Example The paper tells about the recession, which took shape in the USA in 2008 and shook the whole world. The European economy followed the same principles like that of the US. The banks in Germany, the biggest economy in the European zone, offered loans to subprime people much like that of the US and suffered the consequences. The subprime people were unable to pay the loans and the economy was engulfed in recession. The recession had a tremendous effect on the European economy as a whole. The inflation culminated to a record high and the global turmoil resulted in the loss of jobs and closure of organizations. During the second quarter of 2008, the growth of the European economy contracted to 0.2%, which is the worst in the history after the EU was created. This was in sharp contrast to the first quarter of the year when the European economy had a growth rate of 0.7%. Why did the economy suffer such a setback? This was mainly due to the bad performance of Germany whose economy suffered f or the first time in four years. England experienced rise in the inflation rate and slow growth of the economy. In fact, all the countries over the continent of Europe were plagued by the problem of inflation and low economic growth. The banks stressed on the fact that fighting inflation is their main agenda, which will help in recovering the economy. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) had predicted after the housing bubble burst in the US that the condition in the Europe is far from satisfactory. The body had predicted slow growth in the economy and rise in the inflation.

Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Report - Coursework Example Medium sized businesses like XX chemical that wants to diversify into foreign markets and start their business activity there, need to invest huge amount of capital in foreign markets. These types of businesses are the main target customers of leading investment banks across the world (Ritter, 2003, p.278). Medium sized companies generally target the emerging markets for foreign direct investment. They prefer issuing rights for raising fund as rights issue is one of the most efficient to raise fund. Investment banks are recognized for expertise in this service. Rights issue refers to corporate invitation by the companies to the existing shareholders of the companies to buy more shares of the companies. The companies offer shareholders to purchase the new shares at a discounted market price than the current market price of the share of the company. Investment banks provide this service to the businesses like XX chemical and it is called underwriting service of investment banks (Chemma nur & Fulghieri, 1994, p.57). Underwriters are those who issue new share as initial public offering or secondary public offering of companies that need additional fund for strategic business activity. Banks disclosed the purpose of issuing rights and the shareholders analyze the potentiality of proposed investment plan or business activity by the company and decide to invest in the form of purchasing issued rights of the companies through investment banks. Investment banks provide opportunity to the shareholders of the companies to increase their financial exposure as he shareholders can purchase companies new shares at discounted price. The bank acts as financial agent between shareholders and company and providing financial benefits to both for some percentage of underwriting fees on the total share issued. The investment banks conduct necessary legal and regulatory activities for issuing right of the company on behalf of the company gets paid by the companies only but not from th e shareholders for this financial service. The shareholders are allowed to trade issued shares after completion of initial or secondary public offering. Then the investment banks do not intervention on the traded shares of the company. Rights Investment banks prefer to provide underwriting services to the private limited companies than public limited companies. This means they prefer initial public offering than secondary equity offering of public limited companies. Rights issue is also carried out by self offering by the companies. Public limited companies issue rights in the form of public offering as rights are issued to the general public. Existing shareholders or the new potential investors can buy public offering from a public limited company. But a private limited company can issue rights in the form of issuing more shares to only the existing shareholders of the firm. From companies’ view point raising finance is through rights issue or equity issue is more preferable and also financial beneficial than debt issue. Risk retiring back to the raised capital is less in equity issue whereas the company is liable for paying the debt or credited amount to the creditors (NYU, 2012, p.68). Therefore, XX companies should raise finance in its need of finance through rights issue but not through lending from banks or other financial insinuations. Therefore, investment banks are more and more concentrating on this

Escaping Salem The other witch hunt of 1692 by Richard Godbeer Essay

Escaping Salem The other witch hunt of 1692 by Richard Godbeer - Essay Example These two ministers had just seen Katherine and had talked with her extensively. It is possible that they could have convinced her that her fits were a result of fiendish attack. Importantly, there was no proof that she said that the Devil was her tormentor before the ministers talked with her. Katherine’s testimonies before the court became more and more questionable. The niece of Abigail Wescott, Lidia Penoir, revealed an exchange where in Katherine said that she cannot remember saying that she was bewitched. She also told the court about the observation of her aunt Abigail about Katherine: â€Å"shee saith that shee heard her a[u]nt Abigail wescot say that her servant girl Catern branch was such a Lying gairl that not any boddy Could believe one word what shee said† (Godbeer 56). The nature of the fits and troubles of Katherine seems to prove this accusation. It seems that she was counterfeiting her fits. There were several instances that prove assumption. Joseph Garnsey testified that he and Nathaniel Wyatt were at the Wescott’s house when Katherine had a convulsion. When they feigned to cut her, her convulsion instantly ceased and she admitted that she was bewitched (Godbeer 55). The testimony of Sarah Bates revealed the same thing—the questionable nature of Katherine’s fits. She said that when she agreed to Abigail Westcott’s suggestion to bleed the unconscious, flaccid Katherine, she became conscious instantly. After pricking Katherine’s foot with a pin, the girl had an extreme convulsion that Abigail Westcott started to scream and exclaim that she was bedeviled. Upon hearing this, according to Sarah’s testimony, Katherine laughed and made an attempt to bury her head in a pillow to hide her amusement (Godbeer 16). This testimony alone suggests that Katherine was faking her convulsions. Another testimony that strongly proved Katherine’s fake epileptic fits was the

Drug addiction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drug addiction - Research Paper Example Drug addiction has negative consequences to both individuals and society. One of the main consequences is the increased burden to the community and individuals (Conrad & Anggard, 1977). Moreover, drug abuse affects the health status of the individual and other forms of their social life. This paper seeks to focus on drug addiction. Drug Addiction Drug addiction is a persisting problem and affects the brains resulting into compulsive drug seeking and use even when there are negative outcomes to the individual and society (NIDA, 2011). Initially, individual take the drug for casual, recreation, leisure, or entertainment. However, continuous use of the drug affects the brain in a way that the affected individual is unable to overcome the temptation of taking more drugs. Treatment is available for this condition. Most of the treatments are behavior oriented coupled with appropriate recommendations. Most of the treatment focuses on changing the social behavior of the individual involved. This means drug addiction can be managed successful reducing further damage to the individual involved. The management of drug addiction is similar to those of other chronic diseases (Conrad & Anggard, 1977. This means such care requires more attention and absolute obedience to the individuals undergoing such form of therapy. Effects of Drugs to the Brain The problem of drug addiction starts from the brain. Drugs contain chemicals that affect the brain communication system and configure the nerve cells (NIDA, 2011). This happens in two ways. They mimic the brain natural messengers and overstimulation of brain functioning system (NIDA, 2011). Some drugs have similar components as the chemical messengers found in the body. These chemical messengers are known as the neurotransmitters. Such drugs include cannabis and heroine. These drugs configure the brain receptors and stimulate the nerve cells to send abnormal messages (NIDA, 2011). Other drug causes abnormal production of chemical messengers in the brain. An example of such drug is cocaine. They prevent the normal recycling of the brain chemicals that are supposed to stop connections between neurons (NIDA, 2011). This disfigures dopamine that is responsible for controlling movement, emotion, motivation, and feelings of pleasure (NIDA, 2011). This leads to ecstatic events in response t o psychoactive drugs. Consequently, such individuals are accustomed to repeating the beneficial behavior of abusing drugs. Those that abuse such drugs are unable to enjoy the drugs and other events in life. Consequently, this decrease in satisfaction forces leads to more use of drug in order to maintain the function of dopamine to normality (NIDA, 2011). This means high amount of drug is required to maintain normalcy. In addition, other changes occur in the brain due to continued abuse of drugs. Such change affects the glutamate. The neurotransmitter affects the system functionality and the ability to learn (NIDA, 2011). When the normal amount of the neurotransmitter is affected by drug abuse, the brain tries to bring normalcy, and this may reduce the cognitive function (NIDA, 2011). This defect has been shown to affect brain processes such as learning and memory (NIDA, 2011). These challenges make the abusers seek out and continually use drugs even when there are widespread

Music From 1750- to the present-broad out line of the most significant Essay

Music From 1750- to the present-broad out line of the most significant - Essay Example Perhaps the backbone of music is the classical music tradition. Georg Mathhias Monn was an 18th century Vienna composer. His great contribution to the evolution of music was through the introduction of the secondary theme in the symphony. Monn was influenced by the Baroque style of Bach, but advanced this style to a more looser and graceful sound. His work on ‘Symphony in B major’ reflects this looser style, as well as containing a secondary theme. Ludwig van Beethoven’s Symphony #9 in D Minor, Opus 125 is a piece from most of the most renowned symphonies in the Western tradition. The symphony is in part such a revolutionary contribution to music, not simply because of its powerful and virtuosic content, but also because it represents one of the first instances of voices in a symphony. In terms of thematic content, Beethoven had a number of aristocratic patrons that ensure his artistic productions could be achieved to full completion. Franz Schubert was a 19th cen tury Romantic composer. Despite his early death at 31 his influence has lived on through a number of later composers and in the gradual adoption of Romantic principles. Schubert’s work on Erlkonig is highly influential as it aids in the early development of these Romantic tendencies, as well as the adoption symphonic poetry within the classical music context. In addition to traditional classical composers, there are a great number of amateur and otherwise marginalized songwriters. Louis Moreau Gottschalk was a nineteenth century American composer. He constructed a great number of Romantic piano works and was recognized as virtuoso performer. His composition ‘The Banjo: Fantasie grotesque, Opus 15’ falls within this category. ... The song is a light-hearted piano melody that one can argue is one of the forerunners of 20th century developments in popular music, with its naive and fun tone. Amy Beach was a 19th and 20th century American female pianist. Her composition ‘Gaelic Symphony: Movement 2’ is highly relevant to the history of music for its virtuosity and content; however, perhaps Beach’s greatest contribution was through breaking gender barriers in an field that until this point has been largely male dominated. Stephen Collins Foster was 19th century American songwriter. He is referred to as the father of American music. His song ‘De Camtown Races’ is highly important as it establishes forms of music that would later influence 20th century singers and songwriters. In terms of influence, the track was heavily influence from black minstrels that were popular at the time. Francis Johnson was a 19th century African American composer based in the United States. During this ti me African American composers were highly rare. Similar to Beach, Johnson continues the theme of marginalized individuals breaking into an oppressive industry. His song ‘The Grave of the Slave’ is notable for its simple yet beautiful melody. It’s clear Johnson was influenced by African minstrels and European and American classical influences. William Billings was an American choral composer during the 18th century. He is widely recognized as being the progenitor of American choral music. His songs were all written for four-part chorus and intended to be sang acapella. His composition ‘Wake Ev’ry Breath: A Canon of 6 in One with a Ground† falls directly into these categorical articulations. The choral composition is clearly influenced by similar spiritual compositions in the European tradition.

Evidence informing policies regarding positioning lithotomy patient to Essay

Evidence informing policies regarding positioning lithotomy patient to prevent compartment syndrome - Essay Example It happens most generally in an osseofascial compartment of the forearm or leg, but it may happen in the upper foot, arm, abdomen, thigh, buttock, and hand. Positioning the particular patient for a surgical practice is the shared duty of the entire group of medicos. â€Å"There are many concerns to address when placing a patient in the lithotomy position. The patient can be injured while being placed in and out of the position, as well as while in the position. When placing the patient in the lithotomy position, both legs should be moved in unison to avoid overstretching the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus† (Rank 2012). Patient positioning in operation theatre relates to how a particular patient is transferred and positioned for a specific procedure. The incident I came across in this case in related with a patient in recovery, subsequent to prostactectomy, handed over by the anaesthetist. That particular patient was in the position of lithotomy - rendelenburg for 8 hours, wi th bilateral extremities supported on the parts with stirrups. While the patient woke up from anesthesia, he appeared to be restless with complaining ache on his right leg. Though in a higher amount of analgesia, the patient complained of severe pain with passive movements. He also complained of decreased feeling on the toes and feet in the right leg. His feet were temperate and warm, and he had a palpable pulse. I noticed his calf was tender, and tense on the right side of the leg. The study is carried out to understand the Evidence informing policies regarding positioning (lithotomy) patient to prevent Compartment Syndrome. â€Å"In the lithotomy position, calf compression is almost inevitable and this predisposes to venous thromboembolism and compartment syndrome. The aetiology of compartment syndrome is probably a decrease in perfusion pressure caused by a combination of the weight of extremities against the supportive devices, reduction in compartment capacity and elevation of the lower limb above the heart† (Knight & Mahajan 2012). Aim of the Study: 1) To identify the various policies regarding positioning (lithotomy) patient to prevent Compartment Syndrome. 2) To identify the various symptoms of Compartment Syndrome. 3) To identify the various types of risk factors for growth of acute Compartment Syndrome, resultant from this kind of leg positioning. Safety of the patient is the central focus of patient care in the framework of NHS (Carruthers & Philip 2006), and all healthcare practitioners should guarantee that patients are defended from harm as far as possible. Appropriate positioning decreases the risk of pressure-connected damage to joints, nerves, skin, and muscle. The sedated or anaesthetised patient, are not capable to converse if they have been positioned in a compromising or hazardous position. Therefore a proactive approach must be taken to stop the delerious consequences of the patient mal-positioning. Right positioning of a patient p ermits the most selected exposure of the operative field (Millsaps 2006). Positioning should also consider the scale of movement that may be essential for the duration of the procedure, for example, for shoulder and knee arthroscopy, it needs considerable movement of the upper and lower limbs respectively for the duration of the process, and that the surgical field should be setup accordingly. Discussion: Compartment Syndrome is one of the problems that may occur because of the poor

Music From 1750- to the present-broad out line of the most significant Essay

Music From 1750- to the present-broad out line of the most significant - Essay Example Perhaps the backbone of music is the classical music tradition. Georg Mathhias Monn was an 18th century Vienna composer. His great contribution to the evolution of music was through the introduction of the secondary theme in the symphony. Monn was influenced by the Baroque style of Bach, but advanced this style to a more looser and graceful sound. His work on ‘Symphony in B major’ reflects this looser style, as well as containing a secondary theme. Ludwig van Beethoven’s Symphony #9 in D Minor, Opus 125 is a piece from most of the most renowned symphonies in the Western tradition. The symphony is in part such a revolutionary contribution to music, not simply because of its powerful and virtuosic content, but also because it represents one of the first instances of voices in a symphony. In terms of thematic content, Beethoven had a number of aristocratic patrons that ensure his artistic productions could be achieved to full completion. Franz Schubert was a 19th cen tury Romantic composer. Despite his early death at 31 his influence has lived on through a number of later composers and in the gradual adoption of Romantic principles. Schubert’s work on Erlkonig is highly influential as it aids in the early development of these Romantic tendencies, as well as the adoption symphonic poetry within the classical music context. In addition to traditional classical composers, there are a great number of amateur and otherwise marginalized songwriters. Louis Moreau Gottschalk was a nineteenth century American composer. He constructed a great number of Romantic piano works and was recognized as virtuoso performer. His composition ‘The Banjo: Fantasie grotesque, Opus 15’ falls within this category. ... The song is a light-hearted piano melody that one can argue is one of the forerunners of 20th century developments in popular music, with its naive and fun tone. Amy Beach was a 19th and 20th century American female pianist. Her composition ‘Gaelic Symphony: Movement 2’ is highly relevant to the history of music for its virtuosity and content; however, perhaps Beach’s greatest contribution was through breaking gender barriers in an field that until this point has been largely male dominated. Stephen Collins Foster was 19th century American songwriter. He is referred to as the father of American music. His song ‘De Camtown Races’ is highly important as it establishes forms of music that would later influence 20th century singers and songwriters. In terms of influence, the track was heavily influence from black minstrels that were popular at the time. Francis Johnson was a 19th century African American composer based in the United States. During this ti me African American composers were highly rare. Similar to Beach, Johnson continues the theme of marginalized individuals breaking into an oppressive industry. His song ‘The Grave of the Slave’ is notable for its simple yet beautiful melody. It’s clear Johnson was influenced by African minstrels and European and American classical influences. William Billings was an American choral composer during the 18th century. He is widely recognized as being the progenitor of American choral music. His songs were all written for four-part chorus and intended to be sang acapella. His composition ‘Wake Ev’ry Breath: A Canon of 6 in One with a Ground† falls directly into these categorical articulations. The choral composition is clearly influenced by similar spiritual compositions in the European tradition.

Osteoporosis drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Osteoporosis drugs - Essay Example There may be a lot of drugs already with established names and quality assurance but CalciD-Bifos can boast of the complete elements needed for osteoporosis and as an introductory product, a low cost that makes it affordable to a larger scale of customers. Low cost and quality seldom go together so that the success of the product is solely dependent on these factors. With the rising awareness of people and attention to their health, the need for osteoporosis drugs would be highly feasible. This will not only be true to older customers but to the young also because the drug can be used as a preventive measure so that a wide array of customers is foreseen. Osteoporosis drugs are often expensive so that the low cost of CalciD-Bifos will be a big factor to its success. Many people would be able to afford and avail of it especially for the prevention of the said disease to prevent more expensive treatments. To reach this goal, there will be advertisements on all media available to inform the people of the existence of the drug and its

Patient confidentiality Essay Example for Free

Patient confidentiality Essay As a member of the health care team, one has to be equipped with not only the skills and the knowledge regarding one’s area of specialty, but most importantly on how to deal with the patients and their family members. There have been several studies that showed how substantial the impact of health care staff interaction is with the patient and the family members on the patient’s recovery and in the overall outcome of the patient’s health. In dealing with situations wherein the family member of the patient is speaking quite loudly and demanding answers, one can address the situation by answering the questions of the family member, but first to tell her to calm down and after which you will be able to understand and answer the questions. In addition to that, you can also remind her that the safety and prompt administration of care to her daughter is the priority, so to be able to get there, the x-rays have to be taken as soon as possible. Also, tell her, in the most respectful way, that the other patients are bothered by her and this will cause anxiety, not only to the other patients but to her daughter as well, so if she can still take a hold of herself and compose herself so the x-ray can take place. As a technician, it is also one’s duty to explain the method and the rationale behind the x-ray procedure to alleviate the sixteen-year-old’s anxiety. Also, it would be helpful if you will tell her that routine x-ray is needed by some people with certain disorders and as a requirement by employers in some institutions and that it does not cause illnesses for those who have their x-rays taken routinely, at most twice a year. Tell her that this procedure has helped diagnose what is wrong with people who have their bones injured and that this will help visualize what has gone wrong in her body.

Romanicism In 19th Century Lit Essay -- essays research papers

#1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If one were to look up realism in the thesaurus, romanticism will be found as the antonym. However in the works of Harriet Prescott Spofford and Kate Chopin these two elements go hand in hand. Focusing on Spofford’s short story, â€Å"Circumstance,† and Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Storm,† these two selections maintain a smooth transition between realism and romanticism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Harriet Prescott Spofford’s â€Å"Circumstance† she tells of a woman who is visiting a sick neighbor. Where they live neighbors are miles apart, with the woods between being home for many wild animals, as well as Indian tribes. The woman stays with the neighbor too long and does not realize night is approaching, and she hurries home. Spofford begins the story in a very realistic tone. On her way home she is attacked by a sort of mountain lion. Spofford gives a romantic description of the beast, never giving the exact name of the animal. â€Å"Suddenly, a swift shadow, like the fabulous flying-dragon, writhed through the air before her, and she felt herself instantly seized and borne aloft. It was that wild beast- the most savage and serpentine and subtle and fearless of out latitudes- known by hunters as the Indian Devil.† (86) In her definition she keeps the beast from being real. Describing the animal as a beast, a flying dragon, and a devil gives the reader a mysterious impression of the animal, rather than being realistic and calling this flying dragon ...

Medical Beneifits Of Animal Testing :: essays research papers

Argument Essay Where would we be Without Animal Testing? Is the use of animals in research justified? Should animal experimentation be permitted? Should these animals be liberated? A logical person would say the benefits justify the research. Without animal testing, products would be based on theory. No one would want to use something, which may damage eyes, be poisonous, cancerous, and cause birth defects. Animals used in testing are not from the endangered species list; also many of the types of animals used are killed each year by rat or mouse traps, animal control, exterminators, and animal shelters. Animal testing reaps great benefits such as finding effective drugs to combat disease, improve surgical procedures, and make products safe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When someone goes to the store and buys a product, or is prescribed medication, they don’t have to worry if the product is safe to use nor should they. The entire human race benefits from animal research. â€Å"Without animal research, medical science would come to a total standstill†(O’Neil 210). It is not as if Scientist and researchers just sit in their labs all day and torture animals for fun. Not to mention animal use is being reduced as much as possible, â€Å"most scientist are glad to use alternative test because they are usually faster and cheaper than test on animals†(Yount 72). However, â€Å"you cannot study kidney transplantation or diarrhea or high bloodpressure on a computer screen†(O’Neil 212). Besides, â€Å"Animal research has led to vaccines against diptheria, rabies, tuberculosis, polio, measles, mumps, cholera, whooping cough, and rubella. It has meant eradication of smallpox, effective treatment for diabetes and control of infection with powerful antibiotics. The cardiac pacemaker, microsurgery to reattach severed limbs, and heart, kidney, lung, liver and other transplants are all possible because of animal research†(O’Neil 210).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In short animal testing saves lives. Animal testing helps find causes, and cures of disease, genetic defects, birth defects, and abnormalities.

An Inconvenient Turth Essay

My reason for picking this topic is, because I would like to know more about global warming. What are the real danger`s that we are facing due to global warming? What can we do to stop the exceeding rapid rates of global warming? I would like to imform other about the new knowledge that I obtain on the subect of globle warming. Al Gore tell how people use to Think about global warming that the world was big enough and we would never have a problem. He also describes global warming as when the sun`s radiation comes in, in the form of light waves passing through earth atmosphere to heat the earth,and then it is re-radiated back into space in the form of infrared radiation, and some of the out going infrared radiation is trapped by the earth atmosphere and warms it. This thin layer of atmosphere is being thicken by all of the global warming pollution that`s being put up there. He speaks of Mr. Roger Revelle as the first person to propose measuring carbon dioxide in the earth`s atmosphere. After the first years of data he intuited what it meant for what was to come. He and a team of other designed the experiment in 1957 with the help of Mr. Charles David Keeling. they started sending these weather balloons up every day. The results of his measurements after only a few years it was startling. He drew the connections between the larger changes in our civilization, and this pattern that was now visible in the atmosphere of the entire plant, and then he projected into then future where this was headed unless we make some adjustments. Mount Kilimanjaro had icecaps 30 years ago. and now it has all melted. Mr. Lonnie Thompson, studies glaciers, and predicts there will be no more snows of Kilimanjaro within the next decade. Its also is happening in Glacier National Park, and all around the world the ice is now gone. He mentions about CO2 and temperature, when there is more carbon dioxide, the temperature gets warmer. He speak of this not so much as a political issue,but a moral issue. It is deeply unethical. He had a lots of faith in the democratic system that these finding would be compelling enough to cause a real change but they were n`t. He speak about when the oceans get warmer that cause stronger storms leading to a lots of big hurricanes and a all time record in the U.S. of tornado, and in Japan record set for typhoons. He contribute the changing of the season to global warming and changing nature plans. He also says that the burning of forests and brush fires causes more co2 to be pit into the air.what all of this means is our ability to a have a future to live in the earth. I really enjoy the movie The movie was very informing I got a better idea about what is happening around the world. I agree with Al Gore something must be done. It was amazing to me about how everything connect together like a domino effect. I picture in my mind how all these great mountains all around us is melting which is changing the temperature of the sea, which cause many of the world`s disaster by storms. Man is destroying himself. It makes me think can we go back where their was not a lots of invention that polluted our air. Can we truly find a solution to this mas, mass, mass, problem are have we went to far of no return. I think about the air we breathe and the water we drink. I remember only about 40 yrs.ago when I was ten years old, my grandmother showed me where I could drink out a spring it was so clean and beautiful and fresh tasting, I hate to think if I when back there to drink what kind of substance would be in that water now. Everything is being effected our food, the animal niches,and season is changing we can`t tell winter from fall or spring from summer and the insects can`t tell neither. If we have gone to far to stop all the problems, why not do, what we can do, to correct what we can, for the future of our life on the earth.

Animal Farm Essay

This is shown perfectly in Animal Farm. In the beginning animals went against Mr. Jones due to the way they were being treated. The animals felt that the farmers received all the goods for the work they did. So they created a government named Animalism, based on the Old Major’s vision. In Animalism, there are no owners, no rich, but no poor, workers got a better life, and all animals are equal. The animals established the Seven Commandments, which were laws created by the pigs to protect animals. The goals of the government were also set up. The goals said that everyone was equal, there would be more food and sleep for all, there was to be respect for all animals, and they would build a windmill to make life better for all. All this didn’t exist by the end of the book. The animals were getting less sleep, less food, and less respect. The windmill became a source of money for the leaders, not for all the animals. The seven commandments were gradually changed to suit the just the pigs until there was only one commandment left. This commandment said that some animals are more equal than others. This was the exact opposite of what they originally intended to achieve. Animalism no longer existed. The pigs began by to act more like humans, whilst at the same time changing the meaning or literally changing the laws. At the start they managed to change the meaning of all animals are equal, by asserting themselves as the â€Å"brain-workers† and taking the milk and apples. Over the years they start trading with animals, drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, making animals enemies and killing animals. Napoleon also becomes an egomaniac and has a food taster, has dogs to guard him at all times, gun is fired on his birthday, etc. this just goes on to show how he is becoming more like a human. Later on the remaining pigs also took up whips, walked on hind legs, started to wear clothes and played cards. The pigs have now taken up the role of a dictator and rule through force via the dogs, propaganda via Squealer and using the sheep’s new slogan – â€Å"four legs good, two legs better†, which destroys the whole meaning of the of the rebellion. Napoleon only cares about his wellbeing and getting as much power as possible. This is evident when he starts doing business with the humans just to get more money and when he sells Boxer to the horse slaughter for money for alcohol. The final commandment stands as a great example of how those in power manipulate language as an instrument of control. . At the beginning of the novel, the idea of â€Å"more equal† would not only have seemed contrary to the democratic socialist spirit of Animal Farm, it would have seemed logically impossible. But after years of violence, hunger, dishonesty, and fear, the spirit of Animal Farm seems lost to a distant past. Could anyone give some constructive criticism on this essay please?

Charlemagne: Known as Charles The Great

Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, became the undisputed ruler of Western Europe, â€Å"By the sword and the cross.† As Western Europe was deteriorating Charlemagne was crowned the privilege of being joint king of the Franks in 768 AD. People of Western Europe, excluding the church followers, had all but forgotten the great gifts of education and arts that they had possessed at one time. Charlemagne solidly defeated barbarians and kings in identical fashion during his reign. Using the re-establishment of education and order, Charlemagne was able to save many political rights and restore culture in Western Europe. Charlemagne was born in 742 AD, to a very famous and well-known family. Charlemagne†s grandfather was Charles Martel, the man who was responsible for the defeat of the Saracens. Charlemagne was also the eldest son of Betrade and Pepin the Short, the first to become king of the Franks. With the almost full extinction of schools in the 8th century, many historians say that Charlemagne received very little education, but did learn the art of reading from Bertrade. In 768 AD, Charlemagne at the age of 26, along with his brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of Franks. However, in 771 AD Carloman died, making Charlemagne the sole ruler of the kingdom. At this time the northern part of Europe was out of order and unruly. In the south, the Roman Catholic Church was asserting itself alongside the Lombard kingdom in Italy. While in Charlemagne†s own kingdom, the people were becoming and acting as barbarians and neglecting education and faith. But Charlemagne was determined to make his kingdom as strong as possible. In 772 AD, Charlemagne put forth a 30-year campaign to conquer and Christianize the Saxons in the north. He charged over the Avars, a large tribe on the Danube. He forced the Bavarians to surrender to him. When possible Charlemagne attempted to settle his conflicts peacefully. However, he was forced to use brute in some situations. For instance, Charlemagne offered to pay Desiderius for the return of lands to the pope, but after Desiderius refused, Charlemagne seized the kingdom of Desiderius and restored the Papal States. By 800 AD Charlemagne was the sole ruler of Western Europe. His immense kingdom included what are now France, Switzerland, Belgium, and the Netherlands. It also covered half of present-day Italy and Germany, part of Austria, and the Spanish March. This Spanish March stretched to the Ebro River. Through his establishment of a single government over the entire Western Europe, Charlemagne re-established much of the old Roman Empire, which paved the way for the progress of present-day Europe. On Christmas Day in 800 while praying in St. Peter†s Cathedral in Rome, Pope Leo III approached Charlemagne with a golden crown and placed it on the head of the king. The crowd in the church shouted concurrently, â€Å"To Charles the Augustus, crowned by God to be the great and peace-giving emperor of the Romans, life and victory!† Doing this angered the Byzantines because Charlemagne†s prestige and power was equal to the Byzantine emperor. Another problem that arose was that the pope thereafter chose the Roman emperor among the European kings. At the time of Charlemagne†s death in 814 AD only one of his three sons, Louis the Pious was alive. Louis had a weak ruling after his father, which brought on many civil wars and rebellions. As king and emperor, he was very religious and it is said that the role of a monk better suited him than that of the Roman emperor. When Louis the Pious passed away, his three sons broke out in civil war for their father†s empire. In 843, the war ended when Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German signed the Treaty of Verdun. This pact separated the empire into three separate parts for each of Louis the Pious† sons. After the treaty was signed, the kings† power deteriorated and the government became weak. All of Europe was invaded and pirates and barbarians threatened the land. Charlemagne†s empire began to weaken.